Autocratic & Democratic Leader Essay

Barack Hussein Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on August 4, 1961. His father was from Kenya and his mother was from Kansas. He was raised with help from his grandfather and grandmother. His achievements were all based on hard work, determination and perseverance. In college, he was supported by his scholarship and student loans. He then went to law school and obtained the pose of the president of the Harvard Law Review and being the first ever African-American to obtain it. On November 4, 2008, he was elected as President of the United States of America. He is the first ever black American to get such a high pose in history. Barack Obama is currently the 44th president in the United States. In Oprah. com, it is illustrated that Barack Obama is conscientious (Dzubow, 2009). It is one of the big five personality aspects that he possesses. Barack Obama quoted in his website that he keeps a to-do-list in his desk and that as long as he can count on the society to be a part, they would find a way to continue to make progress on all the campaigns (Fuller, 2013). This is to motivate the people and giving them the will to take part in his campaigns. This shows his determination to achieve what he has started. The second big five personality aspect is neuroticism. He is known to have low neuroticism because he his secure in everything that he says or does. His famous quotes like â€Å"Yes We Can† and â€Å"Change We Need† (Goodreads, 2013) during his speeches shows that he is very confident in what he is doing. Barack Obama is a democratic leader in the United States of America. Recently, he organized a fund raising campaign for Democratic House candidates (Byrne & Geiger, 2013). The procedure of the fundraising campaign is based on the amount that the society contributes. At $1,000, a reception ticket will be given. $5,000 would be given two reception tickets and a photo. A dinner ticket with the democrats and a photo would be given if $10,000 is contributed. $32,400 would be given two dinner tickets, a photo and given the honour to seat anywhere during the dinner. Finally, at 50,000, a table would be complemented, a photo, and preferred seating as well. With this, it would gather many of the residents of Chicago to join and help out in this fundraising campaign. A significant of Barack Hussein Obama was when he received the award of the noble peace prize. Based on his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples (Oslo, 2009), he was awarded with the prize in the year 2009. Obama’s vision was to work for a world with no more nuclear weapons. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed Mahathir Mohamed was born on December 20, 1925, in Alor Setar, Kedah. He was brought up in a modest but stable family. His father was a teacher at and English language school. He attended medical school at the University of Malaya in Singapore after he graduated from college. He became active in UMNO and got a seat in the House of Representatives in 1964. He reached the pose of becoming a prime minister in 1981. He sustained his position for 22 years, which is by far the longest pose that has been remained in the history of Malaysia (The Biography Channel website, 2013). One of the personalities that Mahathir possesses is his openness to experience. In 1996, when Malaysia had an eight percent economic expansion, Mahathir was determined to lift Malaysia with a vision. That vision was called Vision 2020. His idea of this innovative vision was to motivate others to work together in order to achieve a better future (The Biography Channel website, 2013). Another one of his personalities is his conscientiousness. Having the new goal which is vision 2020, he made a speech about it and illustrated that by 2020 he is confident that he would succeed. He stated that the goal of vision 2020 cannot be achieved if there is no unity in Malaysia. It would also be affected if there is no confidence in the society. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed is an autocratic leader. As he stated, democracy is a recipe for disaster which shows that he is an anti – democrat, he complained that people are too irresponsible to govern themselves. He also quoted a few examples about democratic countries that were unsuccessful due to strikes and demonstrations (Ignatius, 2012). His significant factor that he contributed was to implement the idea of Vision 2020 which motivated many Malaysians to turn a new leaf. Creating a good mindset for them and letting them know that they are capable of uniting and working together. Also, bringing up a positive slogan for the country called ‘Malaysia Boleh’ (mthago, 2010). Reflection From these two leaders, they both have similarities in their leadership skills. Both are confident in what they are doing and dominant in their own ways. They have good thoughts of bringing up new ideas and setting up goals and campaigns. The only difference in them is that one is a democratic and the other is an autocratic. In my opinion, President Barack Obama is a better leader because he reaches out to the public and has a friendly characteristic compared to Dr. Mahathir. He has made good decisions and helped his country recover from economical downfalls. Also, he has won the noble peace prize. From this, I would conclude that President Barrack Hussein Obama is a better leader and have more followers as well.

Comparative Study Between Waiting for Mahatma and Kanthapura

TITLE :- COMPARISON BETWEEN THE IMAGES OF ‘GANDHI’ IN KANTHAPURA AND WAITING FOR THE MAHATMA Name :- Purbita Bhattacharya M. A. 1ST SEMESTER ROLL :- ME 110042 PAPER – 2 SUPERVISED BY :- PROF. CHANDRANATH ADHIKARY The novel WAITING FOR THE MAHATMA deals with the story of a young man named Sriram whose life revolves round the influence of Mahatma on him during the years of Indian Freedom Struggle. In his age of twenty he meets a girl named Bharati, an ardent Gandhi follower and was collecting money for some funds. Her life is pretty much revolving around Gandhiji and his movement.By presenting Mahatma realistically in town Narayan has portrayed a concrete image of Gandhi. The people of Malgudi can see Gandhi, can touch him and even can spend time with him by attending his lectures and the shavas. Narayan, here, through this novel has shown the down-to-earth image of Gandhi. He comes to town, moves on his own whims and fancies, does not stay at the guest house nor wi th the rich persons, and prefers to stay in the untouchable colony, gives speeches and also meets with people. Even in this novel we are shown that Bharati takes Sriram to meet Gandhiji. And Sriram is told to do what Bharati tells him.She becomes his ‘Guru’. Later, Sriram moves to cave in hills, gets deeper into the Quit India Movement, tries to force the marriage issue with Bharati but gets rejected. Then he gets involved with a terrorist called Jagadish – who is wanted by the police. He visits his grandmother in disguise who survives a death scare and is rescued off dramatically in her funeral pyre when her toes start wiggling. Then Sriram gets arrested at the burial grounds and goes to jail. His only solace is that Bharati is also in jail somewhere. In jails he meets many different types of criminals and is finally released after the British leaves India.Then he again meets Bharati who invites him to Delhi. He there proposes her again and they seek the blessin g of Mahatma who promises to perform their wedding himself on the very next morning. On the next morning they go to the prayer meeting where a person rushes up to the stage to the Mahatma and shoots him. â€Å"WAITING FOR THE MAHATMA† dwells on the freedom struggle, the Mahatma and his ways, and the kind of an impact he had on the youth in those days. By the physical presence of Gandhi, Narayan brings up many arguments through different characters, those who embrace a violent route and those who follow Gandhiji.But such was the power of his conviction that they followed him and his words to death. â€Å"Love the enemy, and then will he change†, said Gandhiji and they all tried to love their enemy. They practiced non-violence, spun the charka and made khadi, shunned all foreign things, behaved like true Satyagrahis – all at an age when they would hardly understand the true importance of what they are doing. Gandhiji’s take on untouchability is shown impact ing Sriram as he wonders how his grandmother ill treats the boy who comes to clean the road.The much sacrifices were demanded from the youth and his followers, and they did try to be the perfect examples of what Gandhiji had asked for them. The Abstractness of Gandhi’s Image in â€Å"KANTHAPURA† by Raja Rao Till now we were concentrating on the concrete image and impact of Gandhi through Narayan’s â€Å"WAITING FOR THE MAHATMA†. Now in comparison with this image I have chosen â€Å"KANTHAPURA† , by Raja Rao, which also shows the impact of Gandhi on the villagers but not by his physical presence, but by the presence of Gandhi in the villagers’ mind.They have never seen Gandhi, but they are familiar by the name of Gandhi as the image of ‘God’. â€Å"KANTHAPURA† is also a document of the National Struggle of India for Independence. The man, who is struggling and bringing out the image and influence of Gandhi to the villager s, is Moorthy. Like â€Å"WAITING FOR THE MAHATMA† , â€Å"KANTHAPURA† was also written before Independence and is dealing with the magic of Gandhianism that changes India from a somnolent to an unquestionable battle ground for British Raj. Kanthapura is a village as traditional and self sufficient as any other Indian village.But the first sign of disturbance comes from outside but is brought to them by their own beloved Moorthy – a Gandhi-man. The villagers’ love for Harikatha is gently subverted by him and made into a tool to spread the message of nationalism and Gandhi’s principle. Jayaramachar, a popular harikatha singer sings the myth of Gandhi and his divinely task of driving the ‘red man’ from our land. Slowly the entire community warms up against the British rule. With the principle of non violence sullied by the villagers Moorthy – like the Mahatma – undergoes fasting, ritualistic purification in temple.Raja Rao has presented Gandhiji as a myth to the villagers of Kanthapura. Gandhi, was like the mythological character to them. They have not seen Gandhi, but Moorthy seems to them similar to Gandhi. In him the villagers can find out their Gandhi. So that at the last phase of the novel we can see that Moorthy has been mythicised like Gandhi by his village people. The Comparative Study between the Gandhian Impact on both â€Å"WAITING FOR THE MAHATMA† and â€Å"KANTHAPURA† :- Gandhi is often being cited more as a matter of form and convenience than a deep conviction.The Gandhian impact on contemporary Indian literature has brought about results at various levels, and in various direction. As regards the writer’s choice of language, we have seen that one result of the Gandhian influence has been a general preference for the mother tongue or the regional language, and occasionally a purposeful bilingualism, the same writer handling his mastery his own mother tongue as well a s English.Besides whatever the language medium chosen, the stress has been more on simplicity and clarity and immediate effectiveness than on ornateness or profundity or laborious artistry, and this has been as marked in English writing as in writing in the regional languages. As regards the choice of themes and the portrayal of character, the Gandhian influence has been no less marked. There has been a more or less conscious shift of emphasis from the city to the village, or there is implied a contrast between the two – urban luxury and sophistication on the one hand and rural modes and manners on the other.R. K. Narayan, however makes Gandhi himself a character in â€Å"WAITING FOR THE MAHATMA†. Gandhi materially and directly affects the fortunes of Narayan’s heroine – Bharati, and her lover Sriram; and the novel ends with Gandhi’s death at the hands of an Asian on the way to prayer. Whereas Raja Rao has made Gandhi a mythical aspect in his novel â€Å"KANTHAPURA†. The villagers of Kanthapura sacrifice their all while following the Gandhian ideology. They were betrayed. Because Gandhiji, after meeting with the Viceroy, withdrawed the Boycott. But still they followed the way of Gandhianism towards Nationalism.CONCLUSION:- In both the novels by these contemporary writers we can see that Gandhiji laid stress again and again on moral and spiritual values in contrast to material achievement, although this had its place too; he knew that too much industrialization must spell disaster to the seven lacks of Indians villages; and he adopted the loin cloth and the Sevagram way of life because he felt that, for the teeming millions of Indians, no other life is possible – yet he knew that even such bare colourless life could be made reasonably full and purposive.Although for at least 60 years, at least Gandhi has been the subject of biographical and expository studies – J. J. Doke’s M. K. Gandhi : The Man Wh o Became One with the Universal Being followed 15 years after the approach of the Gandhi birth cenetary had understandably stimulated of late a greatly increased flow of Gandhian literature. Mahatma Gandhi : 100 years , edited by S.Radhakrishnan, was brought out by the Gandhi Peace Foundation in 1968, and contained numerous tributes by Gandhi’s friends and admirers, all over the world. While several contributors – Rajaji, Richard B. Gregg, Swami Ranganadhananda, B. N. Rau, G. Ramachandran – have tried to stress one or another aspect of Gandhi’s life and personality, many others have bemoaned the fact that Gandhianism is hardly a live force in India today.

Critical Evalutation on Pacfic Brands Case Study

The management issue, ethical responsibility can be identified when the company Pacific Brands had announced that they were closing all seven factories in Australia and moving the manufacturing overseas due to the fact that labor would be much cheaper overseas as well as Australians would be paying less money for the same clothes. This highlight's Pacific Brand's action to take the company overseas, being negative aspect of ethical responsibility. This selfish act would give the business a bad name/reputation.A multinational company may move its manufacturing facility to a developing country to reduce costs. Practices acceptable in that country, such as child labor, poor health and safety, poverty-level wages and coerced employment, will not be tolerated by an ethical company (Lynn MacDonald, 2011). Pacific Brands has displayed no duty to follow a morally correct path with the organization in terms of ethical responsibility. Although It can be argued that this action to move overseas would increase employment opportunities overseas.Another management Issue hat can be seen by Pacific Brands Is corporate social responsibility. The public Image displayed Is not very positive as It was evident Pacific Brands portrayed no sense of care for the current 1850 employees that had been working for the company. The company Is now seen as a foreign organization displaying the disadvantages of corporate social responsibility. This Is also not good for the Australian economy as the manufacturing Is done over seas for cheaper labor. Pacific Brands has not embraced responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive Impact through their employees.

Business writing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business writing - Coursework Example s of our young and energetic employees is damaging the reputation of the organization and in turn damaging the image of our young energetic employees. Secondly, productivity issues have taken place as certain employees are spending more time on Facebook rather than working. After the recent social media events, the ban on the use of social media within the premises has been implemented. This will be of great benefit to all those who are partners in our organization. This action will continue to preserve the respectful image of our organization and continue to benefit our young as well as experienced employees. Starting, Tuesday, February 19th, 2013, the use of Facebook will be banned and the IT department will block the website. There surely are ways of using Facebook through other methods, but breach of company policy will result in negative consequences and the issue will be taken quite

Choose an organization of your choice, (a) write about their strategy Assignment

Choose an organization of your choice, (a) write about their strategy in depth, (b) write about the communication inside the organization in general and manager communication methods - Assignment Example One of the primary strategies of this company is to have a strategic management analysis, which will allow the company expands and have other more outlets around the world (Branson, 2013). By putting in place the SWOT analysis, the organization has identified this strategy as strength, and which is internal to the company. In the process of trying to accomplish this, the company has put in place the core strategy of developing its major pillars of its business empire. These major components include; travel, leisure, individual finance, telecommunication, and entertainment retailing services that the company offers. To realize this, the organization has been looking for capable managers as well as training the existing ones so as to achieve the goal of its strategic management. Another major strategy of the company is the competition policy, mainly put in place so that the enterprise can outdo its competitors in the market. The company has come up with strategies that have enabled it to attract its customers over a short period. The organization has been able to produce different products, with different packaging and branding so as to differentiate it from those of the other competitors. After reviewing the SWOT analysis, the company identified competition and customers as some of the competitors and prices as the threats of the enterprise. Being external, it has been able to apply blueprint strategy on leveraging strength and opportunities as well mitigating some of its daily threats and weaknesses (Virgin Australia Holdings Limited, 2014). The organization has been able to lower the prices of its products by adding back its profit to the production costs, hence experiencing relatively low production costs. These reflect on the low prices of their services to their clients and in turn winning as more customers as possible, in the long

The Dimensions of Inter-Professional Practice Essay

The Dimensions of Inter-Professional Practice - Essay Example The role of inter professional practice protective meal times in UK hospitals The term protected mealtimes can be described to imply periods within the hospital setting when there are completely no urgent issues or activities at hand. During these times, patients are able to take their meals without interruption and staffs are readily available to offer help to those who need it. Research shows that patients whose mealtimes are protected eat more and are better nourished with improved chances of recovery. Protected meal times can influence achievement of benchmarks including conducive environment, assistance to eat and drink, obtaining food, and food presentation, monitoring, and eating to promote health. Older people admitted to hospital have malnutrition on arrival and most of them are at risk of becoming malnourished or their current nutritional state worsening in hospital, if precautions are not taken. Facilitation of protected meal times Inter-professional working team should fa cilitate implementation of protected mealtimes through the following ways. First, is by ensuring that patients are served with all the three basic meals of breakfast, lunch and dinner. They have to follow each mealtime with a one hour rest period for interaction with visitors, relatives and supporters. The team should also alter the drug delivery time so that patients are given food only after taking their meals and allowed to have enough rest. No other activity should be scheduled during mealtimes to ensure that all patients dedicate their time to meals and no other business. The team should plan to enhance service delivery by recommending a balanced diet and enhancing availability of patient assistants to offer services to patients who are not able to eat by themselves or in need varying assistance. The team should recommend that an audit be carried out after every two weeks to verify whether these rules and procedures of protected meal times are being followed (Rolfe, Freshwater & Jasper 2001). The following measures will be taken by our inter-professional team: There should be medical staff moving rounds, radiology focusing lunchtime slots on other areas, nurse routine- nurses want to get everything done, junior staff reluctant to challenge visitors and staff. The areas intended to put more emphasis include surgical areas, considering how protected mealtimes will interact with theatre lists, and wards which have greater impact on other departments like radiology. This should be followed by an audit to measure and review success in all these areas. There should be an arranged meeting with the hospital management to collaborate and ensure that the whole process is implemented. The unique role of the Inter-professional officials in the Inter-Professional Practice team is both individual and collective in that it takes one’s own conviction and commitment compounded by knowledge and professional experience to mould together with others like minded profes sional colleagues in order to achieve a set collective objective; which in our context is superior delivery of service in protected

The Effectiveness of Special Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) Essay - 1

The Effectiveness of Special Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) - Essay Example This essay describes the Special weapons and Tactical teams law enforcement that started with the idea of protecting the well-being of police officers in the United States, as they carried out their duties of â€Å"serving and protecting† the public. The idea of being able to extract bad guys efficiently without mass mayhem and creating collateral damage, was the hallmark for the creation of the teams. Whether one is a proponent or a detractor of the existence of SWAT teams, they must strike the same cord when confronted with the issue of the relevance of the teams continued existence. SWAT teams have done some questionable things, and they have accomplished many good things. Before we throw out the baby with the bath water, we must objectively assess the situation and ask the question. Are we better off today with SWAT teams, than we were without them? The researcher of this essay believes that we are definitely better off, and what is needed is that a considerable amount of thought must be directed to how, these teams can be better utilized, while they are on hold waiting for the day, when they will be needed to serve in the capacity for which they were originally conceived. It is commonly held that a good offense is better than a good defense. However, to sum up the researcher states that we know that municipal police departments left to their traditional arsenal and philosophy, are not equipped enough to handle the some of types of confrontations which the bad guys can concoct.

Casd Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Casd Briefing - Essay Example President Nixon refused to comply, arguing executive privilege. At issue: Does the President’s inherent right to safeguard certain information make him entirely immune to judicial review? President Nixon (through his counsel, James St. Clair) argued that the special prosecutor, functioning as an employee of the Department of Justice, made any request for White House audiotapes an internal matter to be resolved within the Executive Branch. In sum, the Judicial Branch was overstepping its Constitutional authority by intervening in the matter. Special prosecutor Leon Jaworski argued that the audiotapes in question almost certainly contained direct evidence of a criminal conspiracy, to wit, to commit obstruction of justice. Procedural history: Special prosecutor Jaworski secured a subpoena in Federal District Court (Judge John Sirica, presiding) requiring White House compliance with demands to surrender certain audiotapes, in April 1974, requiring the White House to surrender the tapes no later than May 31. The White House refused to comply. Both Jaworski and St. Clair (the President’s counsel) concurred in requesting the Supreme Court hear the appeal from the Sirica decision—‘certiorari before judgment,’ a procedure allowing the matter to proceed directly to the Supreme Court without an intervening hearing and decision rendered by the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit—which motion was granted. The Court heard arguments on July 8 and delivered its unanimous opinion on July 24, 1974. 3 The law: There was not specific statute at issue. However, certain language in the Constitution appears relevant. That document makes no reference to executive privilege, although it privileges Members of Congress in matters relating to debate (Art. I, sec. 6). Article II (the Presidency), provides, inter alia, that â€Å"The

Clash of science and religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clash of science and religion - Essay Example On the other hand, the religious perspective of human evolution is based on the readings (Geoffrey, 2011). The readings develop the assumption that human beings are created by God. In addition, the creation of man is the most valuable creation of the deity. The discoveries of an evolution theory that can be explained through scientific evidence undermine the significance of the religious creation theory (Philip, 2009). On numerous occasions, religious fanatics have questioned the originality of scientific theory citing that there must be a source of life. Consequently, this can only be explained by the existence of a supernatural power. The scientific discoveries that explain the existence of the universe also create conflict with religion. For instance, the continental drift theory does not value the importance of religion in the creation story (Philip, 2009). The theory is developed on the assumption that the world was a one piece of land mass that drifted due to cosmic activity. The movements enable the creation of continents separated by seas. From a religious perspective, the complete format and existence of the universe was as constructed by God. Mathisen (2006) is of the assumption that religion perceives the continental drift theory as a way that undermines the significance of their deity. The author further points out that; religion increases its dissatisfaction on the theory every time a new discovery is attached to the theory (Mathisen, 2006). The modern day scientific discoveries also attract opposition from religion. For instance, modern day scientists have dwelled so much on the creation of an artificial life-form. Over the years, discoveries on human robotics have been made to justify that man can develop a more complex form of human. McRae (2010) is of the assumption that creating an artificial human being is automatically perceived as act that provokes God. From a religious perspective, creation of

International Accounting (Comparison) Research Paper

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A Possible case of Sexual Harassment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Possible case of Sexual Harassment - Essay Example "Sexual harassment means unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, or other conduct based on sex affecting the dignity of women and men at work. This can include unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct (para 2.1). Thus a range of behaviour may be considered to constitute sexual harassment (para 2.2). The essential characteristic of sexual harassment is that it is unwanted by the recipient, that it is for each individual to determine what behaviour is acceptable to them and what they regard as offensive. (para 2.3)" (Barry) Once the situation is taken at the level of seriousness it merits, the idea of B refusing to approach you because she does not want to be called "a tattletale" would be dismissed. Here is a situation where action of some sort is warranted. Now, you might be tempted to pull up C immediately. This is to be entirely avoided, since there is no reported evidence-a private conversation is not evidence enough-neither is there a formal complaint. On top of that, one cannot be sure that what A is saying is true: It is unverified even if she has reported that several people were witnesses to the sexual advances she mentions. Finally, it is again improper to call a meeting of those present at the roll call to ascertain the facts. At this point, it should be realized that something needs to be done soon, since the harassment seems to be repeating. If what A is saying is true, and if B is indeed troubled by what is happening, it must be made official as soon as possible, and punitive and/or remedial action must be taken just as soon. The obvious idea now is to speak directly to B. However, there is a danger in this direct course of action-B might get upset with A for having reported the incident. Requesting that A ask B to speak to you directly is a solution that suffers from the same problem: B will know that A has reported the incident. We have not yet analyzed whether B wants the incident reported, but it is incorrect to assume that she does. A possible workaround is to ask A to make up a story. She could say to B that she approached you about a problem, and that you were sympathetic and helpful-and that you assured her you would keep the matter in strict confidence. This might give B the required confidence to approach you directly. We must now speak about the protagonist himself. You might have developed a reputation of being unapproachable, or it might be generally believed that you cannot handle a situation in the appropriate manner-which could be why B is afraid of approaching you. If you trust your capabilities, you, as sergeant, could call a general meeting before attempting to resolve B's issue, reassuring everyone in your team that they can approach you with whatever issues they may have, that information will be kept in confidence if required, and so on. Your image in the team needs to be bolstered, and perhaps the most straightforward way to achieve this is to address all team members publicly. We now turn to officer B. What is

Study on online gambling market Essay Example for Free

Study on online gambling market Essay For thousands of years, mankind has enjoyed spending money on games of chance. Today this has developed into a multi-billion dollar worldwide phenomenon- the gambling industry. While the total number of gambling enterprises has fallen in recent years the overall number of people employed in the industry has increases, suggesting that enterprises are now larger than they were a decade ago. The way people bet has been revolutionised of recent years with the online gambling industry taking over the traditional high street bookmakers. Betting exchanges on the internet where punters can offer bets to other punters. Meaning the average punter can now act as the bookie and say that a certain event will not happen. To understand the impact of the gambling industry, one has to consider the percentage of people that partake in gambling. Knowing it has been around for two millennia, it is interesting to observe today 80 to 85% of people will gamble in any given year. The gambling industry has evolved greatly in recent years due to the development of online gambling, this is clearly the reason for the rapid growth in the market. Along with new markets such as the online poker industry, that has taken the world in a massive fad with millions playing poker online. The gambling industry tends to be an industry in which people will use their disposable income, but the desire to win more and the increased joy from having a larger bet causes people to spend more money on gambling than they wish. This is a market driver for the industry but also the general increase in people gambling has become the main market driver in recent years. (Party Gaming) For the five year period from 2005 to 2009, it is estimated that revenues generated by the global online gaming market will increase to approximately $22. 7 billion, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 22 per cent. From this estimation of expected spending in the online gambling market, it shows a market with great potential. Introduction . The following report analyses the dynamic market within which gambling exists, and the way the online gambling industry beginning to takeover the gambling industry. From the report on the market it will be possible to have a clearer understanding of whether the market will continue to grow or whether the market can not continue to grow at such a rapid rate. The following report analyses the dynamic market within which online gambling exists. The report will focus on areas such as 1. PEST Analysis 2. Boston Matrix 3. Porters Five Forces 4. Competitors Analysis 5. SWOT Analysis 6. Shareholders Such consideration of the market will enable a clearer understanding of whether the market will continue to grow at such a rapid rate. Market Definition Market sectors There are four main gambling sectors that attract the vast majority if online gambling ? Online Poker ?Online Casinos ?Sports Betting ?Betting Exchanges Online poker and betting exchanges are dominating the market and have only been introduced in recent years to the online gambling market. Sports betting and casinos still have large market share of the market but growth has slowed down. The size of the online gambling market for 2004 was $8. 2 billion for the world. In 2004 in the U. K ? 7. 4 billion was spent in gambling. Even though stats are not that easy to compare it shows that online gambling has not yet dominated the gambling market and there is potential for further growth. PEST Analysis PEST Analysis is analysis of macro-environments that affects all firms. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors are beyond most firms control and sometimes present themselves as threats. On the other hand changes in the external environment can lead to new opportunities; this is certainly true for the gambling industry. Political Political and legal factors are those controlled by ? governments, local authorities, or other trade or activity orientated regulatory bodies (Brassington and Pettitt, 2000). Gambling legislation is put in place in order to prevent consumers been taken advantage and also help control consumers with gambling problems. The internet is open to great abuse in all areas of the internet and gambling is no exception. Within five minutes it is possible to be gambling on the internet at as high stakes as one desires, this obviously has its dangers. Companies have recently been pushed to be more responsible for caring for their customers. Some of the companies now have a system which its customers can use. The system offers the customer control of how much they can deposit in a designated time period, this helps the customers control their spending. Though this may affect profits for a company, it gives the impression that they care for their customers, which promotes their company. The laws for online gambling are reasonably relaxed and with it been a worldwide market that anyone from any country can access it is hard to control such a market. There have been recent worries about illegal gambling carried out on Betfair with trainers and owners regarding the running of a horse to lose. Many bets would be taken on the specific horse resulting in a major movement in the market and the price . The in the know punters will know the certain horse that is going to lose the race and they then lay the horse to lose on betfair, guaranteeing that they will win. This has caused many investigation and question over betting exchanges. Economic This considers both the ?macro- and micro-economic environment conditions which affect the structure of the market (Brassington and Pettitt, 2000). With the UK expecting an increase in disposable income this is likely that more money is to be spent in gambling. The gambling market may, however, be susceptible to recessionary influences. In times of economic downturn consumers become more reserved in their spending. With the market been worldwide the economic stability of different countries should balance the market out at such times, but large consumers of the market such as the US may have an effect on the market. Interest rates and level of inflation must be considered as threats to the online gambling industry. Social In order to combat the issues surrounding gambling addiction, casino staff undergo training in order to identify problem gamblers. The Gambling Bill is to focus on social responsibility rather than on casinos. The resort casinos which the gambling bill allows are an issue as evidence from New Zealand suggests that the bigger the casino the bigger the risk of problem gambling. This kind of control on the internet is done in a different way and there is no obligation for companies to offer this service. It is only the leading companies who tend to offer protection against gambling addiction. The way it is done on the internet is to let customers set there deposit limit with a desired time period. Obviously this is not as well controlled as at the casino as employees can take control of the problem customers but on the internet that kind of control does not exist, which proves to be a real worry for the online gambling industry. Many online gambling companies cater for only English speaking consumers due to the large domination of the market from the U.S and the U. K. This restricts market growth in other countries but companies are changing towards catering for other countries, with casinos ahead of the game due to its global appeal. As gambling is seen as a use of leisure activity the market considers its success on the amount of leisure time consumers have but from research it is clear to see consumers feel no obligation to carrying out their gambling whilst at work, often a poker game in the lunch break or even whilst working, which creates extra revenue for the online gambling industry. It also emphasis the ease at which it is to gamble online, which is the main reason behind the success of the market. Technological Gambling has been revolutionised in recent years by technological change and this is the reason for the rapid growth in the industry, making it easier than ever to gamble. The internet has seen new systems such as Betfair, and online poker which is know an $8. 6 billion market. The idea of online gambling is the ease of placing a bet. Before people would have to go to the betting shop or the casino to gamble but with such easy access for customers to access there betting accounts it has a bee a revolutionising advancement in the gambling market. New software is constantly been developed to offer an enhanced experienced for the consumers. The betting exchanges offer the chance for consumers to act as the bookies by being able to lay their bets. This obviously offers a new exciting way for consumers to experience gambling and has helped to develop the market. With improved graphics companies are making it more like the real thing. Some of the casinos online are designed to make you actually feel like you are in the casino the same is done with online poker games and even sports betting is going down the same line with offering text and audio commentary for sports events. This encourages consumers to use the internet rather than go to the casino or the betting shops. Porters Five force analysis Mr Porter was a scholar and management consultant. His model is based on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organisations external environment. Porter has identified five competitive forces that shape every industry and every market. These forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The objective of corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that can improve the position of an organisation. Barriers to Entry New entrants into to the market are quite regular due to the low costs of setting up an online gambling site. However, in practice, there are significant barriers to building a large, successful online gambling firm, as the business model is dependent to a large extent on, amongst other things, a strong brand underpinned by liquidity and effective payment processing. The exceptions of success by new entries tends to be when a company has an innovative idea such as Betfair. They are offering something different to the customer. The key features of a successful online gambling firm are difficult to achieve due to the following: ? Player liquidity: a large number of players are required for online poker and betting exchanges, to provide customers with opposing players for poker or a price for betting exchanges. In addition, player liquidity means that the larger sites can offer a greater variety for its customers. ?Software control: ownership of software to provide the operator with greater control, improved margins and bespoke functionality, with the ability to develop high quality user interface and scalable systems which are critical for attracting and retaining customers. Payment processing expertise: to attract and maintain customers, sites must be trusted and must provide a wide range of methods to pay-in and withdraw funds. Such payment processing must also be quick and efficient whilst maintaining low levels of fraud. ?Customer support: responding to customer enquiries on a timely and efficient basis enhances the level of customer service and customer retention. To build and sustain a large online gaming business requires significant investment in customer service operations. Marketing and global reach: as competition increases, the leading operators have greater marketing resources with which to attract and retain customers and are increasingly becoming global brands in order to penetrate new geographic markets. Buyer power The buyer power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. The gambling market is driven by consumer trends and companies need to identify these trends and implement their strategies to remain competitive. Promotional strategies are used to initially sign up a customer and once signed up they are likely to stay there if they like the lay up of the site. It is predicted that one in three people that sign up for a free bonus will use that company for their gambling. Threats of Substitutes This is no real concern for the online gambling market, the only substitutes is betting shops and casinos, but these where all put in place before the online gambling market was created, so there is no possibility of threats from this. Supplier Power The supplier in this market is the software developers, where many companies use the same software to run their websites and with a worldwide market suppliers are never short when it involves employees skills to create the products, unlike coffee that may be affected by poor weather conditions. The concern of software developers rising prices for their products may be an issue due to them feeling they are loosing out on profit with which some online gambling companies are creating a large amount of profit. Competitor Analysis Competitor analysis is a ? systematic attempt to identify and understand the key elements of a competitors strategy (Brassington and Pettitt, 2000). An understanding of competitors enables competitive advantages to be formed. Gambling is a highly competitive market which may discourage market entry and stifle innovation, it may similarly stimulate a range of strategies for promoting growth and with constant technological improvements markets may open in the future. The amount of online gambling companies available to consumers are very variant, this has made a very competitive markets with companies offering free bonuses and providing the latest in software technology. The online gambling market can be split up into 4 sub-markets, online poker, betting exchanges, sports betting, and casinos. Betting exchanges market is dominated by betfair. Betfair is the dominant player in the betting exchange market, with an estimated 86% market share by value. Betfair exchange boasts a high level of liquidity across a wide range of betting markets, and a professional customer service operation alongside a fully integrated telephone and internet betting service. These features, have served to act as a significant barrier to entry into the betting exchange marketplace. Several other betting exchanges were set up including Sporting options and Betdaq. Sporting options was no success and was closed with many people losing money in there betting accounts because the company were unable to pay them back, betfair stepped in to offer support for these people which helped betfair grow even more dominant in the market. While there are over 200 online poker sites in operation, the online poker market is dominated by a small number of large operators. For the current year to 5 June 2005, the top eight operators had an estimated combined market share of 95 per cent in terms of ring game rake, 92 per cent in terms of number of ring game players and 88 per cent in terms of number of tournament players, which illustrates the effective barriers to developing an online poker business. Of these operators, PartyPoker. com has been the clear market leader in terms of both revenue and number of players since mid-2003. The sports betting market is much like the poker market, as many companies exist but the market is dominated by several market leaders such as William Hill and Paddy Power. William Hill has had success due to it is reputation of stores in towns and cities all over the U. K. As for paddy Power the success has been from large amounts or promotion and innovative ideas to promote the company. The casino market also works on the same basis that there are few market leaders that dominate the market. The main market leaders are casino on net, Golden Palace and Ladbrokes casino; there are still many major competitors in the market but with less market share but have the potential to take more of the market share. Most traffic is driven to online casinos via marketing on television channels and bonus deals in order to get customers to sign up for the casinos. Boston Matrix The Boston matrix is a chart created by the Boston Consulting Group in 1970. This is a useful marketing tool when analysis of market growth-relative share is required; the growth and share of different online gambling methods can be compared. The markets on the internet consist of poker, sports betting, betting exchanges and casinos. Dogs These are products with a low share of a low growth market. They do not generate cash for the company, they tend to absorb it. There are no online gambling markets that are in this category, this shows a strong healthy market. Cash Cows These are products with a high share of a slow growth market. Cash Cows generate more than is invested in them. Sports betting and casinos markets have slowed down as the stars of the online gambling market have entered the market. Problem Children These are products with a low share of a high growth market. They consume resources and generate little in return. They absorb most money as you attempt to increase market share. These gambling games are fairly new to the market and have yet had a chance to grow. Stars These are products that are in high growth markets with a relatively high share of that market. Stars tend to generate high amounts of income. Betting and exchanges and online pokers have taken the market to the new levels of turnover and have set of a craze worldwide. Shareholders For nearly every industry, sustainability is a key objective. Creating a sustainable online gambling industry benefits all of the industrys stakeholders. In recent months we have seen the flotation of many online poker companies, which developed a great relationship between the stock market and online gambling. But in September this year PartyGaming warned its growth prospects may be not be as great as was suggested when it floated in July 2005. More than ? 2 billion was wiped of the value of its shares; they dropped 30% in value. This obviously had an effect on other online gambling company shares which saw a slide in share price as well. One indicator of the slowdown is that although there are still more people signing up to play poker online, their average spend is falling. This is a concern for the online poker market as it shows the growth is not sustainable and action must be taken to not just let the online poker market just a short fad. Chief Executive Richard Segal said as these trends continued, the group would adapt its marketing strategy and infrastructure to provide greater focus on customer retention and player value. SWOT Analysis ________________________________________ SWOT analysis is useful in auditing information in a systematic manner. It demonstrates how strengths and weaknesses can be understood in context with opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis helps to explain where the online gambling market is today, but also where it is likely to be in the future. ?Strengths 1. New innovations and improvements are a regular feature due to a highly competitive market and high demand from consumers. 2. The growth in new consumers is constant, especially with the current fad of online poker. 3. Consumers have more faith in using the internet which is helping the market to grow: new payment systems such as Paypal are trustful and they prevent, together with insurances and banks, consumers from online fraud. 4. The overheads are very low for new companies to enter the market of online gambling: create a webpage and buy a payment gateway is basically enough to have a gambling website. 5. Online gambling represent entertainment at home that can be accessed at anytime, from anywhere and by anyone. 6. Due to the diversity of gambling available bringing consumers into the market that would not potentially consider gambling (e.g. gambling on games such as Chess) is very easy. ? Weaknesses 1. Online gambling is likely to become quite a saturated market, and will only continue to grow at such a rate if innovations can be added to the existing offer: develop gambling in new areas such as politics, decrease the time between the deadline to place a bet and the event on which the bet is placed 2. Companies with poor marketing strategies will have to struggle to exist due to the amount of competition: new websites are issued quite every day without even proposing new possibilities for consumers. 3. In becoming stronger, more reputable organisations have the capability to over power smaller organisations or websites: this may occur in France in the next few years if La Francaise des Jeux decides to develop a wide-scale platform for online betting it will probably have a very negative impact on smaller competitors. 4. Gambling laws in several countries such as France or Italy constrain success of market with the social issues of gambling addiction. 5. Betting shops and Casinos when they are allowed by national gaming acts still have a high presence in the gambling market and stop people using the online gambling options as much. 6. It appears to be quite difficult for new company to enter the market place due to high competition and dominance of large firms controlling the market, unless with having an innovative idea: some small websites, for example, focus on the European market, they propose adapted hours for online tournaments or develop their pages or hotlines in many languages ?Opportunities 1. Can emphasis on the rapid popularity of online gambling and that anyone can do it. 2. It is highly potential to gain a lead on the market with new technology. 3. Innovative ideas such as celebrities even gamble online, e. g. www. celebritypoker. com offers the chance to play poker against celebrities. 4. Inexpensive start up costs for a new online gambling company. 5. Constant improvement in technology opens up opportunities in the market. 6. Broadband creating much more opportunity. 7. The market is worldwide so anyone who has access to the internet can be targeted. Threats ?Rapid growth of the market may cause gambling laws to be tightened affecting profit for companies. ?Negative publicity highlighting the dangers of gambling. ?Demand depends upon real income therefore downturns in the economy can have an adverse effect of demand. ?Some companies are in a weak position financially. ?Dominance of the market. ?Market dependant on technology, which is not always reliable. Conclusion ________________________________________ The future of online gambling is bright with estimates of $32 billion spent in the year of 2009 compared to $14 billion this year. The market has seen rapid growth in recent years and it is not possible for a market to sustain such rapid growth forever, but it is still likely to grow at such a rapid rate for several years to come but it will slow down gradually. Gambling laws vary in different countries but could prevent the growth of the market, due to worries such as gambling addiction. There will always be a strong market for online gambling but is likely to see more domination by larger companies keeping the barriers of entry difficult to succeed in the market. Online gambling is highly innovative industry with new ideas to draw more people into gambling with the latest idea of offering to be able to gamble on games of chess or snooker or backgammon It is possible to gamble on nearly everything, this just defines the potential of the market. References Textbooks Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2000). Principles of Marketing. Websites www. quickmba. com/strategy/porter. shtml Five forces analysis diagram. www. gamblinglicenses. com Provided information on the gambling laws work. www. partygaming. com Provided stats on market size and useful information on the online poker market. www. bettingmarket. com Reviews of the online gambling market with stats of traffic on online sites. www. reports. mintel. com Provided a report on the gambling industry, with helpful information on market size. www. amadeus. bvdep. com Provided information on the market share of companies. www. thismoney. co. uk Provided information on the share situation for the market.

About Leadership In Sport And Leisure Sport Essay

About Leadership In Sport And Leisure Sport Essay Do not forget that you are required to keep a copy of all of your submitted work. I certify that this assignment is my own work and that all sources of information have been acknowledged. This report critically analyses the role of leadership to managing people in sport and leisure organisations. It uses critical thinking methods to demonstrate the definition of leadership, the human resource management in sport leisure organisation, the difference between management and leadership and some key theories of leadership. Finally, it analyses to analysis a case studies through one practical sports organisation as example. The purpose is to make logical recommendations for improving the fitness club management ideas to build a strong cohesion and loyalty of staff ranks high. The Definition of Leadership Leadership was defined by Parry (1996: 2) who stated that â€Å"Leadership is the presentation by a person of some identifiable goal or vision or future state that people can desire; and the generation of a willingness within those people to follow the leader along a socially responsible and mutually beneficial course of action, toward thatgoal.† This concept of leadership seemed ambiguous; it did not emphasis the effectiveness of leadership and major characteristics. Leadership probably means having a long term vision and to stimulate the people follow he or she to achieve their common goal for the companys future development. Strange and Munford (2002) believed that the direct leadership comes from the personal charismatic leadership; this could be the best way to influence and motivate people. Therefore, Wunderer and Grunwald (1980: 232) defined â€Å"leadership as a goal-oriented and social impact to fulfill common tasks in a structured work environment.† Because of many kinds of notions about leadership, it always led to confusion between leadership and management. As far as this point is concerned, the following essay will research the role of leadership in an essential position in the management environment. Simultaneously, it will evaluate the process of human resource management. Human Resource Management Human Resource Management system plays a significant role in a company or organization. It directly impacts on this organizations strategic implementation in each step and controls the speed of development with their competitors in the same sphere. Heathfield (2010) proposed that â€Å"Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management can also be performed by line managers.† Moreover, in the past in USA, HRM concentrated on the human relations in the enterprise management and employees relations in the working environment; Due to industrial psychology, it applies consolidated systems and strategies commonly, HRM was also considered as personnel management (PM) in the UK (Chadwick and Beech, 2004). According to the above statements, it was obviously seen that a manager was set in a core position in the HRM system. The mangers main responsibility was to deal with issues related to people, such as recruitment, to choose who the most appropriate person for this vacancy is. As Taylor et al (2008) said the HRM system was the first level of administration in people management system, while encouraging more organizational activities. How can we evaluate the organization owns a good HRM system or not? It focuses on the Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) system. Operational effectiveness and strategic positioning were two fundamental methods to support the organization in outperforming their rivals in an industry (Porter, 1979). These two points could stimulate the organization have to perform better activities than other competitors and create some unique advantages in the same industry. However, Taylor et al (2008:128) commented that â€Å"a focused strategy requires a competitive position based on cost leadership or differentiation†. Wright and McMahon (1992: 295) gave a definition of SHRM as, â€Å"the pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals†. The purpose of SHRM was to choose the best appropriate candidate take part in their own organization whilst increase the organization marketing segment in the industry. Sport organization was a good example, each sport clubs would like to attract a famous coach or athlete, like in National Basketball Association (NBA). There was no doubt that NBA draft was the best opportunity to provide for each team to choose a potential player in every year. However, in the practice of organization, SHRM system did not only focus on some basic HRM skills, but also extended the range of relevant management techniques, for instance, high-commitment work system, the process of recruitment, leadership philosophy and the development of process of the organization (Taylor et al, 2008). In brief, the present approach of SHRM still in the traditional HRM scope; it lacked practical circumstance for an organization to operate their performance in different situations. Particularly in a sport organization, if it could combine the HRM rational theory and operate the SHRM in a practical process of organization, it would bring more outcomes for the organizations long term development. In addition, managerial leadership was an indispensable part in the SHRM. Hence, the next part of the essay will look at the differences between management and leadership. Differences of Management and Leadership Regarding the issue about relationship and the distinction between management and leadership, different people will have their different perspectives. In the early stage, a professor named John Adair (1988) made use of etymological origins to explain the difference in a magazine interview; Adair revealed that â€Å"leadership† stems from an Anglo-Saxon word; it means that a road, a way, the path of a ship at sea, a common sense of direction, whereas â€Å"management† was from a Latin word â€Å"manus†, it means a hand and it has to do with handling a sword, a ship, a horse. It is easy to remind people what entrepreneurial engineers and accountants were doing when starting and administration businesses and how they gained the currency in the 19th century. Nevertheless, since the leadership development in recent years, more functions have been appeared, such as planning, organizing and controlling work. These functions are similar to the functions of management in my view. Managers always make a plan, organize the activity and administrate the limit resources to realize some common objectives (Gill, 1997). Meanwhile, managers could communicate with his or her employees, but leaders usually influence and inspire his or her employees. Behind each leader there is a support team and followers, however, managers just have their subordinates. In my opinion, management focuses on implementing the whole plan through the managers ability and making the utmost of the managing resources, whereas leadership emphases the individual persons idea and imbues with the main spirit to their employees. In brief, the final goal for good management or leadership is to win the hearts and minds of their people. Leadership Theory Leadership was deemed as a process of a leader to impart unique ideas to other people through his or her individual managing strategy. Popper and Zakkai (1994:3) believed that â€Å"the essence of leadership is to make people do what you want them to with as much will, determination and enthusiasm as if they had decided for themselves.† From the past several years research, leadership literature mainly focuses on: which types of leadership theory is close and more appropriate for present leader to exert their leadership function. Lewin et al (1939) implied that the subordinates performance decides which kind of flavor of leadership theory fits this organization; furthermore, different kinds of training programmes related with leadership have emerged. Notably in the current situation, outward bound development plan is the most popular approach was adopted in most organizations. The rest of this report will review some major theories of leadership and the purpose is to analyses of the real case in the last part then to propose some recommendations for improvement. l Trait Theory Leadership traits theory is the original theory and it concentrate on the leaders characteristics. Cartwright and Zander (1968) stated that an effective leader should possess the following certain qualities: intelligence, reliability, sense of responsibility, greater energy and social activity. Regarding these qualities; it is easy to find that most of them require the leader to keep on cultivating himself in the future not are inborn. The ‘Personality Era of ‘Great Man theories were proposed by Van Sters and Field (1990:29) who said that â€Å"effective leaders at one time were believed to show common characteristics that cause them to behave in certain ways.† However, this theory was challenged in the 2000 World Economic Forum report. The report indicated that many successful companies always change their Chief Executive Officer (CEO) to ensure that their business prospers. Whereas most CEOs succeed in their first organization, they often fail when enter for a ne w organization. This point demonstrates that in fact the leaders have not acquired all the leadership traits and that is little connection between CEO style and organizational performance. Also the trait theory was not to judge the leadership situation. l Situational Leadership and Contingency Theory Situational theory is more focused on the situation and the group of followers. This way is more practical and good for the leader to acknowledge their followers and situations. This approach does not consider the whole organization or the current requirements of the individual leaders group. Contingency theory of leadership mainly analyses three factors between leaders and followers. The first one is Fiedler (1968), who proposed the extending definition of the followers and of the work structure of the subordinate. The second one is how the leader uses his or her authority and depends on his or her subordinates. The third one is the existing relationship between the leader and followers. The leaders charisma attracts the followers and the followers reverence for the leader. l Leadership Style Theories Leadership style theories are concerned with the leaders behaviour and do not pay attention to the individual characteristics of the leader. Through these theories, some researchers discovered that the manager who considers the employee as the centre may gain more results and effects than the manager who focuses on tasks. This point is evaluated by the leaders performance value. If the leader views the situation from the perspective of a boss, he or she priorities the tasks above the employees. However, if he takes the employees view into consideration, he or she values both the task and the employee. So the later approach is more encompassing. Of course, as a leader, pay more attentions on the employee behaviour can bring his or her work more benefits than only concern with the task as a centre. l Transactional Leadership This kind of leadership turns out to be more popular in most organizations. Popper and Zakkai (1994:6) accepted that â€Å"transactional leadership contains a basic mechanism of exchange relations which becomes possible when there is no outstanding sense of impending threat or anxiety†. Transactional leaders shall use management-by-exception, actively or with contingent rewards (Gill, 1997). Generally, the management-by-exception includes making objectives and regulations, taking charge of the progress and discovering mistakes and then enhancing the effectiveness of leadership. However, transactional leadership ignores the employees desires and motivation; it focuses on how to achieve the goal through the followers. Many empirical examples prove that transactional leadership might cause performance that meets expectations (Gill, 2003). l Transformational Leadership This pattern of leadership is a good approach in order to stimulate the followers and subordinates interested in accomplishing the goal and enhance their self-development. Alderder (1972) agreed that transformational leadership should pay more attention to the leaders developmental requirement. Furthermore, Bass (1991) revealed that there exist the following four aspects of transformational leadership behaviours. Individualised consideration Intellectual stimulation Inspirational motivation Idealised influence (charm) Analysis of a Practical Sports Organisation Example During a period as a sports trainee in Beijing, an example of a process of leadership change was witnessed by the author. This fitness club was set up in 2003 and it was been open for 5 years. In the early period, the former fitness club managers original plan was run a small business and serve whiter collar workers and students around the university. Hence, his focus point is how to attract more customers and increase sale volume rather than make an integrated management system for his subordinates to enhance the whole level of this fitness club service. He is a typical laissez-faire leader in the hearts of his employee. Popper and Zakkai (1994:3) claimed that â€Å"an effective leader, according to the criteria of this approach, is a sensitive psychological diagnostician who accurately discerns subordinates needs and expectations and responds to them accordingly.† In addition, his behaviour assesses the various theories. When the employee proposes their suggestions or questions during each weekly meeting, the leader always says these opinions were correct but never realizes it. In terms of this point, several senior level coaches began to leave whilst some old cus tomers also followed by their coach left this club. These results led to the club faceing bankrupt and merger by other large fitness corporation. In 2005, this fitness club was taken over by the Bally Total Fitness Corporation. As the new leader was transferred to this club, he brought a totally new management system. He used transformational leadership theory, through exploiting subordinates intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation to improve employee vision. Transformational leadership is more important when the company faces uncertain markets. A new recombination has to be innovated to remain in the competitive environment (Gill, 1997). First of all, he reformulated the current staff while reducing the number of staff. Second, he advised each coach to take ACE (America Certificate Exercise) certificate to make use of their personal time. Third, he added some new reward regulations, such as providing a free nutritional breakfast for early morning shift employees. Furthermore, the company will organize one outside sports event consisting of employees and their family members to join in each year on anniversary da y. Apart from these, to keep more regular customers and attract more potential customers, he adopted some kinds of exercise classes especially arranged different coaches for different ages. Another side is, he is a patient person who can listen to each employees suggestions about the club development and communicate with his employees frequently. For instance, one employee proposed that the club could publish their own health tips each month focus on their current membership. After one month, this was realized and clubs first month health tip flyer was put up in the club information bar. The theory of motivation, Horner (1997) stated that the degree of satisfaction of employees could be thought of as motivators; only one motivation the employee could achieve the goal. Others motivation theories were concerned with what behaviour the leader needs to influence their subordinates. Apart from that, Alderfer (1969:142) proposed that â€Å"there may be only three needs: existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs in a hierarchy of concreteness, and people may be motivated by multiple needs at any one time.† Since this new manager uses a logical leadership management method, it results in revenue fitness club turn flourishing and the scale began to extend. Of course, the marketing share also rank at the top compared with other competitors. However, the most essential reason is the new manager used a correct leadership theory and rationally applied the realization. Conclusion To sum up the role of leadership in a sport and leisure organizations, the leaders behaviour could influence each subordinates psychology, the leaders management method decides the companys development trend to success or failure. Through the authors experience of two leaders behaviour in a real sport and leisure organization, how to create more motivations for their employees, how to encourage their employees are more important and practical than only depend on some formal traditional leadership theories. The significant value for the leader is to let the subordinate follow your path of company development. Consequently, discovering more new management techniques from experience are the most effective ways to manage modern organizations. Reference: Alderfer,C.P. (1972). Existence, Relatedness and Growth, Human Needs in Organizational Settings, New York, The Free Press. Cartwright,D.C. and Zander, A., (1968). Group Dynamics. The 3rd edition., London, Tavistock. Chadwick, S and Beech, J. (2004). The Business of Sport Management. Harlow, Prentice Hall. Fiedler, F.E., (1968). Group Dynamics. 3rd edition., London, Tavistock. Parry, K. (1996). Transformational Leadership. Melbourne, Pitman Publishing. Taylor et al. (2008). Managing people in sport organizations: A strategic human resource management perspective. Oxford, Butter worth- Heinemann. Wunderer, R. and Grunwald, W. (1980). Fuhrungslehre: Grundlagen der Fuhrung. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter. Alderfer, C.P. (1969). A new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4, 142-175. D.A. Van Sters and R.H.G.Field (1990). The evoluation of leadership theory. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 3(3), 29-45. Grill, R. (1997). New Directions in Leadership. Leadership Trust Foundation, 16 March, 1994. Grill, R. (2003). Towards a General Theory of Leadership. Leadership Trust, 31 January, 2003. Horner, M. (1997). Leadership theory: past, present and future. Team Performance Management, 3(4), 270-287. Lewin, K et al. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behaviour in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-301. Popper, M. and Zakkai, E. (1994). Transactional, Charismatic and Transformational Leadership: Conditions Conducive to their Predominance. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 15 (6), 3-7. Poter, M.E. (1979). How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 137-145. Strange, J.M. and Mumford, M.D. (2002). The origin of vision: charismatic versus ideological leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 343-77. Wright, P.M. and McMahon, G.C. (1992). Theoretical perspective for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18 (2), 295-320. Heathfield, S.M. (2010). [online]. Last accessed 23 March 2010 at: http://human resources.about.com/od/glossary/f/hr_management.htm.

Macbeth: Banquos Soliloquy :: essays research papers

Macbeth: Banquo's Soliloquy In Macbeth, a play by William Shakespeare, Banquo's soliloquy at the beginning of the third act explains some of his present feeling towards Macbeth. He believes that Macbeth killed to become the King of Scotland. He explains that he is the one who will start a chain of kings, not Macbeth. Strangely enough, Banquo makes this discovery two scenes from his death, not giving him enough time to tell others the discovery. In the first three lines of the soliloquy, Banquo explains that Macbeth has become king just like the "weird women", or witches had prophesied. However, he also says that "thou play'dst most foully for't." Which basically means that he committed murder to attain it. He is Macbeth's best friend. He knows that Macbeth has the desire to be the king and would do anything to get the crown. Banquo knows Macbeth has it in him to commit murder. In the next three lines, Banquo explains that he should really be the king because the witches also proclaimed that Banquo would be the "root and father of many kings." In the line, "May they not be my oracles as well and set me up in hope?", Banquo is saying that he wants the prophesies to come true for him also and make him the king and the beginning of a long line of kings. The main idea of his soliloquy is that Banquo knows that Macbeth killed Duncan. Strangely enough, this soliloquy is placed two scenes before he died, not giving him enough time to tell anyone else about his discovery. Banquo has realized that Macbeth murdered Duncan but will die in two scenes anyway. In Banquo's soliloquy in the beginning of the third act of Macbeth, Banquo suspects that Macbeth is behind Duncan's murder. He knows this because he has been best friends with Macbeth for a long time and knows that Macbeth has

Pips Growth in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Through the novel Great Expectations, it is seen that Pip’s personalities change. He seemed to be immature at the start but in the end he turned out much different and yet also the same. It seems to me that he changed because of those surrounding him and the influence they had on him. The most influential characters were Estella and the Magwitch. Pip at first was very uneducated and had not a clue of his social class or that there even was a social class, so he was content with what he had. As his life went on he met new people from both higher and lower social classes. From here his satisfaction turned to greed and shame, as he longed to be better educated. Pip does learn later on that having money and power and being in the high social class is not as important as having true friends, even if they are lower class. One of the first influential people around him was Estella. She always insulted Pip, yet he fell in love with her. Of course, over time he started to feel ashamed of himself, and of his roots, and he then longed to be a gentleman. Estella overall was a very poor influence on Pip because she was never supportive of him. Pip should have been around people that lifted him up and encouraged him to tell him what he needed to hear. The second is when Pip came across a convict that forced him to steal food from his sister. It is uncovered later that the convict is Magwitch, who for years he had been secretly saving money for him. When Pip is given this money he is finally able to live a gentleman’s lifestyle. This is a great influence given from the Magwitch. However, this only has a physical influence on Pip. Even though Magwitch caused Pip to feel guilty for stealing food, he came back and proved himself a noble character. When Pip sees that his helper was a convict, he realizes that the money he got was a man of a lower social class than himself. This made him feel inferior. But as time went on Pip got to know Magwitch better, he began to see that even people of the lower class can be gentlemen and friendly. Pip's Growth in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays Through the novel Great Expectations, it is seen that Pip’s personalities change. He seemed to be immature at the start but in the end he turned out much different and yet also the same. It seems to me that he changed because of those surrounding him and the influence they had on him. The most influential characters were Estella and the Magwitch. Pip at first was very uneducated and had not a clue of his social class or that there even was a social class, so he was content with what he had. As his life went on he met new people from both higher and lower social classes. From here his satisfaction turned to greed and shame, as he longed to be better educated. Pip does learn later on that having money and power and being in the high social class is not as important as having true friends, even if they are lower class. One of the first influential people around him was Estella. She always insulted Pip, yet he fell in love with her. Of course, over time he started to feel ashamed of himself, and of his roots, and he then longed to be a gentleman. Estella overall was a very poor influence on Pip because she was never supportive of him. Pip should have been around people that lifted him up and encouraged him to tell him what he needed to hear. The second is when Pip came across a convict that forced him to steal food from his sister. It is uncovered later that the convict is Magwitch, who for years he had been secretly saving money for him. When Pip is given this money he is finally able to live a gentleman’s lifestyle. This is a great influence given from the Magwitch. However, this only has a physical influence on Pip. Even though Magwitch caused Pip to feel guilty for stealing food, he came back and proved himself a noble character. When Pip sees that his helper was a convict, he realizes that the money he got was a man of a lower social class than himself. This made him feel inferior. But as time went on Pip got to know Magwitch better, he began to see that even people of the lower class can be gentlemen and friendly.

Strategies Designed to Motivate Employees Essay -- Business Management

Strategies Designed to Motivate Employees One of a manager's responsibilities is to inspire employees and encourage them to strive for excellence and remain motivated even during the difficult times. While this task is challenging, there are measures a manager can take to generate enthusiasm in any working environment. Although different people are moved by different desires, values and goals, there are a number of generally agreed-upon motivators to which most people respond. The employees at Gullivers are de-motivated because of the poor environmental conditions. The employees work alone for long periods of time. This leads the worker to feel isolated. As well as this the tasks that some employees carry out are repetitive and boring. This is brought on by the use of a production line. The employees also work in two day time shifts. The hours of these shifts might not be suitable for some people, such as mothers. The times that shifts start and finish might clash with school hour, leading to people coming in late or leaving early. F. W. Taylor developed the early idea that to motivate the worker you have to pay him/her at the highest possible wage, through working in the most efficient and productive manner. This approach was called the rational-economic concept of motivation. Taylor believed if an organisation first evaluated the job to be done. Then came up with the best way to do each stage of that job. The lastly put the people in the right place to then carry out that job effectively. So the job would be completed in an efficient, producing more profit, which would lead to higher wages. Taylor believed that this alone wo... ...d the team leader allow discussion of any disharmony. Maintaining a highly motivated staff is key to a company's success. A lack of employee enthusiasm can alter your company's productivity, and ultimately, your bottom line. There are several factors which effect motivation. A combination of techniques that matches the unique needs and personalities of your employees will bring the most effective results. However any measures taken is only effective as far as the employee is willing to be motivated. Bibliography Laurie J Mullins 2002, Management and Organisational Behaviours, Financial Times Pitman Publishing imprint, Great Britain Susan Jarosz 2003, Class Notes, Borders College, Galashiels W.H. Weiss 2001, Building Morale, Motivating and Empowering Employees" Supervision. Vol. 62, Issue 1 pages 1-2

YbAl3 Compound

Title: Electrical Resistivity and Seebeck Coefficient of YbAl3 CompoundI prepared YbAl3 specimens utilizing a hot-pressing technique and so I measured the Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance over the temperature scope 150-700K in an effort to measure their possible as thermoelectric stuffs. My consequences show that YbAl3 possesses an electrical power factor dual those of the state-of-the-art Bi2Te3 thermoelectric stuffs. So I can reason that YbAl3 is a promising campaigner stuff for thermoelectric coevals utilizing â€Å" low temperature † waste heat. A thermoelectric energy convertor is really alone and dependable heat engine in which the negatron gas serves as the working fluid, BUT, its more wide-scale application has been limited by its comparatively low energy transition efficiency, so that research attempt has concentrated on bettering its public presentation by increasing the thermoelectric -of-merit, Z=a2/rl, of thermocouple stuffs, where a is the Seebeck coefficient, r the electrical electric resistance, l the thermic conduction ; a2/r is referred to as the electrical power factor. To day of the month, all the established thermoelectric stuffs are semiconducting materials in which the thermal conduction consists chiefly of two parts, a lattice and an electronic constituent with the former being significantly the larger of the two. Solid province theory has provided theoretical theoretical accounts of the lattice thermic conduction and over the past four decennaries research attempts have focused on its decrease. Unfortunately, these attempts have met with limited success due to an attach toing debasement in electrical belongingss ( Rowe and Bhandari 1983 ) . Recently, attending has focused on increasing the electrical power factor and new stuffs, some with fresh constructions such as quantum Wellss ( Mensah and Kanyah 1992, Hicks and Dresselhaus 1993 ) and multiple possible barriers ( Moyzhes and Nemchinsky 1992, Rowe and Min 1994 ) are being proposed in an effort to accomplish this aim. Traditionally, intermetallic compounds are considered inferior thermoelectric stuffs to semiconducting materials because they possess low s-of-merit. However, a member of this household of stuffs is the rare-earth intermetallic compound YbAl3, which exhibits unusual conveyance belongingss and may offer possible for development as a high public presentation thermoelectric stuff ( Van Deel et Al. 1974, Mahan and Sofo 1996 ) . The aim of this work is to look into the thermoelectric belongingss of this promising compound. Specific geometries are normally necessary in the appraisal of thermoelectric belongingss and stuffs with a comparatively big dimension ( over 1 ten 1 ten 1 mm3 ) are normally required in the building of thermoelectric elements. Preparation of such â€Å"large† specimens of pure YbAl3 proved hard due to the peritectic nature of its stage diagram. Although big dimension specimens can be prepared utilizing arc-melting technique, stuffs prepared by this method are constantly a mixture of YbAl2 and YbAl3 with different proportion depending on the get downing composing and readying conditions. However, pure YbAl3 pulverization can be obtained by crystal growing or solid diffusion ( Rowe et al.1997 ) in an aluminum oxide crucible with extra aluminum utilizing a alleged â€Å"flux technique† ( Canfield and Fisk 1992 ) . A hot-pressing technique was employed to fix the compact specimens about 6 millimeters in diameter and 1.5 millimeter midst. Hot-pressing at 200 MPa was carrie d out in vacuity ( about 10-2 millimeter of mercury ) and at a temperature of 700 K for approximately 4 hours, followed by a heat intervention at about 900 K in an aluminum surplus environment for 15 hours. The denseness of the specimen is estimated to be approximately 88 % of its theoretical value. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance as a map of temperature over the scope 150-700 K were measured â€Å"simultaneously† utilizing an setup described in ref. ( Rowe et al. 1997 ) . The consequences of the measured Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance are shown in 1 and 2, severally. The corresponding values for the established thermoelectric stuffs Bi2Te3 based metals ( Yim and Rosi 1972 ) are besides shown in the s for comparing ( broken lines ) . As expected, the electrical electric resistance is much lower than that of Bi2Te3 metal. However, although the Seebeck coefficient of YbAl3 is lower than that of Bi2Te3 based alloys, it is well larger than that of the other intermetallic compounds or metal metals. Consequently, a big electrical power factor is obtained over the whole temperature scope investigated as shown in 3. A maximal a2/r value of about 90 ten 10-4 W/mK2 is obtained at a temperature of around 250 K, which is about twice every bit big as that of the best thermoelectric stuffs antecedently reported, and over the temperature scope 300-700 K, it exceeds that of Bi2Te3 based metals by at least 50 % . The temperature dependance of the Seebeck coefficient for both YbAl3 and Bi2Te3 based alloys appears similar: the Seebeck coefficient ab initio increases with an addition in temperature until it reaches a maximal around room temperature and so decreases with a farther addition in temperature. However, the electrical electric resistance of YbAl3 additions with an addition in temperature over the whole temperature scope, while that of Bi2Te3 exhibits a similar tendency as that of the Seebeck coefficient. Bi2Te3 based metals are narrow band-gap semiconducting materials and the temperature dependance of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance can be explained within the model of semiconducting material conveyance theory. YbAl3 is a rare-earth intermetallic compound which exhibits unusual electrical belongingss due to the â€Å"Kondo effect† : a lower limit is observed in the temperature dependance of the electrical electric resistance accompanied by a significan t value of the Seebeck coefficient. As a consequence, stuffs which exhibit the â€Å"Kondo effect† may possess a significantly big power factor. Furthermore, divergences from the Weidemann-Franz-Lorenz jurisprudence have besides been observed in â€Å"Kondo materials† ( Bauer 1991 ) , which may ease use of the thermic conduction in a similar manner to that in semiconducting materials ( White and Klemens 1992 ) . In drumhead, YbAl3 exhibits a well larger electrical power factor than any other presently available thermoelectric stuffs over the temperature scope 300-500 K. It offers a typical advantage for electrical power coevals utilizing waste hot H2O ( & lt ; 425 K ) , where the electrical power denseness instead than the transition efficiency is a major consideration ( Rowe and Min, 1996 ) . Furthermore, an improved apprehension of its well big electrical power factor and possible divergence from the Weidemann-Franz-Lorenz jurisprudence may supply an penetration into increasing the thermoelectric -of-merit in other stuffs. This work is supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation ( NEDO ) , the Energy Conversion Centre, Japan. Prof. R.J.D.Tilley, Mr. R. Jones and Dr. D. Pasero are acknowledged for X-ray analysis of specimens. Bauer, E. , Adv. Phys. , 40, ( 1991 ) , p417 Canfield, P.C. and Fisk, Z. , Philosophical Magazine, 65, 6, ( 1992 ) , p1117 Yokels, L.D. and Dresselhaus, M.O. , Phys. Rev. B47, ( 1993 ) , 12 p727 Mensah, S.Y. and Kanyah, G.K. , J. Phys: Condens. Mater. 4, ( 1992 ) , p919 Mahan, G.C. and Sofo, J. O. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol 93, July, ( 1996 ) , p7436 Moyzhes, B.Y. and Nemchinsky, V. , Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, ( 1992 ) , Arlington, Tx. , USA, p232 Rowe, D.M. and Bhardari, C.M. , Modern Thermoelectrics ( Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983 ) Rowe, D.M. and Min, G. , Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Thermoelectric, ( 1994 ) , Kansas City, USA, p339 Rowe, D.M. and Min, G. , IEE Pro.-Sci. Meas. Technol. Vol. 143. No. 6. , ( 1996 ) , 351 Rowe, D.M. , Min, G. , Williams, S.G.K. , Kuznestsov, V. and Aourn, A. , NEDO Technical Results Report: TR3 ( 1996-1997 ) , University of Wales, Cardiff, ( 1997 ) Van Daal, H.J. , Van Aken, P.B. and Buschow, K.H.J. , Phys. Lett. , 49A, 3, ( 1974 ) , p246 White, D.P. and Klemens, P.G. , J. Appl. Phys. , 71 ( 9 ) , ( 1992 ) , p4258 Yim, W.M. and Rosi, F.D. , Solid-State Electronics, 15, ( 1972 ) , p1121

How Thomas Hardy portrays women in his stories Essay

The common chord stories altogether contain really social, historical and cultural stirs on the wowork force of the time. The Withered beef up, is close to a make clean adult females, struggle to cure her fall branch and the jealousy tangle by Rhoda who had been use by the farmer in the past and had born his child. Gertrudes headache of loosing her husband and her superstition make her take on bring out actions that result in her death. The next bilgewater, The Distracted Preacher, is about an strong-minded woman called Lizzy and the choice she has to make.She is involved in smuggle and the head of the gang bargonly is offered a contrasting bearing by Minister Stockdale, who asks her to unify him and leave. She decides to substantiation tho gets caught and suffers for rough years till he returns and offers again to espouse him, this time she accepts scarce plainly because of circumstances. The third story, The sorrow Hussar of the German Legion, is abou t a shy, green gist screen woman called Phyllis and her shake up amongst her sense of upright and ill-treat, her engenders desire and her true heat. She chooses her conscience and in the end loses e actually liaison.The Withered Arm has two of import womanish roles Rhoda let and Gertrude Lodge. They twain have genuinely diametrical backgrounds Rhoda is the poor working class woman while Gertrude is the pretty upper oculus(a) class wo manpower. Rhoda has to work for her son and herself beneficial to eat she has no husband and so is an friendless from society and has to keep herself to herself. Because of this she has no male role model for her son. Rhoda is a thin, fading wo hands of thirty, which emphasises how hard she flora and how tiring her support is. In equality Gertrude is the typical married middle class woman, with lots of time on her hands.She is immature and pretty, soft and evanescent, which is why farmer Lodge married her. Rhoda has a precise w icked side, which shows itself when Gertrude arrives in town. She becomes jealous and wants to cheat all about the well-awaited new wife. She becomes preoccupy with her and makes her son convalesce out about Gertrude and follow her, Then do you go to Holmstoke church to-morrow shes sure to be there. This jealousy links in with the superstition of that time when Rhodas imagine about Gertrude having a wither arm comes true.At that time ein truthone believed each village had its own witch. The witch could shame victims and make limbs wither or in extreme cases fall off. From this we net get a line how worried Rhoda would have been, believing she was a witch, that I exercise malignant occasion against my own leave behind? This illustrates that Rhoda feel kindred equal for Gertrude and responsible for her arm. She fears what she might do to her and what may happen if she is a witch. Even though she has this evil side, you contain that she does contain some sympathetic qua lities.For example Rhoda recognises the gruesome captivation which leads her to find Gertrude only when she is unwilling to class her where to find Conjuror Trendle for fear that she will lose Gertrudes friendship. venturesome shows Rhodas point of view throughout the story so you feel sympathetic especially when we find the dead boy is her son. She is really self-sustaining and strong so in the end wants nada to do with husbandman Lodge and the fling therefore refuses his intellect vote and doesnt accept his coin. Gertrude starts by cosmos very kind and loving, she gives Rhodas son some shoes and befriends Rhoda and creates a close relationship with her.Rhoda appears c at a timerned oddly about Gertrudes imagined rejection by her husband. Her record changes for the worst when her arm becomes withered. Gertrude relies on Rhoda for a concerned understanding of the growing legal separation between herself and her husband, who k nows the disfigurement is there. The choic e of the volume disfigurement reveals his attitude to appearances. Social attitudes demanded that middle class women were beautiful and taking. She turns vain and selfish, obsess by her arm and the study to find a cure, Her determination received a fillip. She finds a treat competent cure for the arm aft(prenominal) trying so m either. Shes now determined to try this one in time though it involves such indignity. This is all to a fault ofttimes for Gertrude when she finds out who the boy is in reality Rhodas son. She isnt so vain and determined, she is actually very ball over and started to feel reason for the victim and in end the superstition and shock kills her. In the Distracted Preacher the master(prenominal) female role is Lizzy Newbury a middle class, strong-minded, temperament who, was none the less main(a). This emphasises how Lizzy is able to lead her village in roaring smuggling.Shes an attractive, local girl who can take on an immense frolic for a women in those times save Lizzy does it as well as any man could. Lizzy is a widower and looks laterward her m otherwise, as well as the customers of her Lodge, where Mr Stockdale goes to stay. She value her job and sees nothing wrong with smuggling, If a king who is nothing to us sends his deal to steal out property, we have the right to steal it back. This illustrates how Lizzy doesnt negociate whether people debate her smuggling is wrong she has reason to do it and she livelys off the money and the adventure.The smuggling is tradition My father did it, and so did my grandfather, and al almost everybody in Nether-Moynton lives by it, and manner story would be so dull if it wasnt for that, that I should not awe to live at all. This shows that Lizzy is no customary woman she sticks with what she wants and doesnt look up to men as a high universe besides shes a decisive woman and gets her way. She needs to shoot on even though her act with Stockdale gets in the way because he doesnt agree with it, so Lizzy uses vigorous but absurd arguments to middlingify her actions.To begin with Lizzy doesnt want to go away with Stockdale and sweep uping him, It is likewise much to ask. My exclusively life ha been passed in this way. She needs to stay in Nether-Moynton where the adventure is and not do what principle females do. Later we see Lizzys get back deteriorates she needs Stockdale because the money earnt from smuggling runs out. by and by all her talk about needing smuggling and it being fine to do it, she says it wrong, I own that we were wrong, said she. But I have suffered for it I am very poor now, Lizzy wants Stockdale now she is poor and miserable and Stockdale offers to take her away from her poverty.Lizzy gives in and takes this offer, consequently settles down to the married life she once hated the thought of living because of its overlook of adventure and predictability. This ending is problematic as Lizzy changed her attitudes totally. Th is ending was similarly added for the readers. The story was create each week in a magazine. Hardy wrote the ending to please the audience and give them an ending most women would of taken. on that point is an alternative ending to this story that isnt so problematic. This is that Lizzy would have married Owlett a member of the smuggling gang and immigrated to America.The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion has one main female role, that of Phyllis Grove an attractive middle class young lady. She is very quiet, keeps herself to herself and just likes to blend into society. She was a woman who lived her whole life without going further than the nigh market. The only family she has is her father so she has no female role model to perish her through life, this has made her very inexperienced in relationships, though it is probable that she bewildered her heart to Matthaus before she is herself aware. She never accomplished she was in hump with Matthaus she had never felt bang before so never knew what this feeling was. She values her fathers opinion greatly and her father doesnt like whats going on between Matthaus and herself. He considers the soldiers merely external fellows who flatter young girls with unmeaning attentions. Phyllis finds Matthaus refined and well-educated. He is loving towards her, concerned about her loneliness, he does not put too much pressure on her to escape and marry him. She becomes very conscience stricken between the two men will she go with her fathers choice (Humphrey) or her romance Matthaus?She decided the best thing to do was to conform to society and her father and marry Humphrey, She would stay at home, and marry him, and suffer. This shows that she is doing this for her father it wouldnt be love but she could live with it for her families and the moneys sake. Later we see that Phyllis has a problem as Humphrey wants to marry another woman, Belle, and Matthaus and a friend gets guess for desertion. Poor Phylli s has now been torn from struggle between two men to being alone again. We see Phylliss life if effected by this, while she lived she used to keep their mounds neat, meaning Matthaus grave.This shows Phylliss love for Matthaus still carried on when he died and this tragedy deeply affected her. In the three stories I have read the intravenous feeding female characters all have correspondentities and differences. Gertrude is similar to all three characters. She is similar to Rhoda because they both believe in superstition and anguish about what is happening to them ascribable to it. by dint of the story we feel sympathy for them for Gertrude with her withered arm and death and Rhoda for being a single parent and so an outcast and for when she sees Gertrude with her arm on her dead sons neck.The sympathy vote changes throughout the story between Rhoda and Gertrude. Gertrude is like Lizzy because they are both attractive, strong-minded women. Gertrude is different to Lizzy aswell as like her because Gertrude conforms to mens expectations but Lizzy is independent and only relies on Stockdale at the end. Phyllis is probably most like Gertrude as they are both very traditional women characters for their times. They are calorie-free women who become victims of men and the social influences of their time. Phyllis becomes a heart broken girl due to her fiancimessing her around and her actual love being shot. Gertrude becomes obsessed and vain because her husband is stir by the fault with her arm and starts to love her less for it. Phyllis has a rich fianci and Gertrude has a rich husband. Lizzy is similar to Rhoda too because they are both strong-willed, independent women that can mete out by themselves without men by their sides. This way Lizzy and Rhoda are both very different to Phyllis because she is timid and shy, she can be manipulated tardily unlike Lizzy and Rhoda who manipulate other people.Phylliss character is very dependent as she does as she is told, conforming to societys expectations. If things had gone to plan then her life would be totally taken care of without her lifting a finger, when we know Lizzy chose to be independent and Rhoda had to be independent to look after her family. In my view, I admire Lizzy because she is very outgoing and a leader, which shows women to be able to lead men in this realism and she can still be attractive and feminine.She seems to put men in their places by refusing Stockdales offer of marriage kinda of being a stereotypical woman of that time married, at home cooking, cleaning and looking after the children. She speaks her mind when she wants to stay because smuggling gives her adventure and when she tells Stockdale there nothing wrong with smuggling. This is why I like the alternative ending that Hardy mentions in his footnote when she goes to America because she doesnt need the sympathy for being poor she waistband strong and independent.Even though at the end I felt racy for Rho da because of her son, I was never fond of her character. She seemed evil throughout the story as if she had other secrets not all the same revealed. Her character was very sneaky, holding things back from Gertrude when she was untruthful. I trust Rhoda is to blame for all Gertrudes problems she set the curse and took Gertrude to Conjuror Trendle and she paid the hurt of that horrendous sight. This all made me very sympathetic towards Gertrude and I know how if feels to be superficially stereotyped.She never did anything to Rhoda and died as a consequence to Rhodas jealousy. I also sympathise with Phyllis because men ruined her life, her life was ruined by the societys strict rules at that time to do the right thing and marry for fleck and money, and the shooting for desertion of her true love. manpower have a great impact on women and can make our lives fun, yet some men make our lives to a greater extent misery than fun. In my opinion Hardy portrays women with respect, he ma kes them strong and independent, manly in a sense. In the early 1800s women all had their places in the world, which was in the home.Hardy brought these women out of their world and into the beginning of our not so sexist England today. Men and Society had the main impact on women of this era I believe this is why Hardys stories were loved in this age. Women could read them and think that they had a greater role in this era and they were more intelligent than men thought. I also believe men should have read these books to see how independent and definitive women are to this world. It was very important for women of this era to get their thoughts and strengths across to the world, so they could begin to live as equals to men.