Distinguishing Men From Animals With Culture

Distinguishing Men From Animals With CultureFor culture is the sociological term for learned behaviour behaviour which in man is non given at birth, which is not determined by his germ cells as the behaviour of wasps or the social ants, exclusively must be learned anew from grown people by each new generation. The degree to which valet achievements atomic number 18 dependent on this variety of learned behaviour is mans great claim to superiority over all(prenominal) the rest of creation he has been properly called the culture being animal. Benedict unalike people may have different definition of culture. The most common definition of culture is that culture means the mode of human activities, much(prenominal) as human getledge, learning and belief which are integrated in the symbolic thoughts. Culture includes ideas ab go forth identity, nature, social blood and so on, as well as artifacts. This topic is based on several assumptions. Firstly, this essay assumes that huma n beings are not animals and only men have culture while animals do not have any(prenominal). I besides assumed that culture can be definite.In the following, I will discuss the perspective of human in the even out of view for zoologists, and also the inter-specific relationships surrounded by human and animals. This might counter my argument of culture distinguishes men from animals. Secondly, I will discussZoologist accounts on the human-animals inter-specific relationshipTo zoologists, all animals (including human beings) are equally interesting. For them, all animals undergo the inter-specific relationship which is in the diet chain, i.e. prey, symbiont, competitor, parasite and predator, and human beings pull round in these pair of species. concord to The Naked Ape (1967) by British zoologist, Desmond Morris, Any species which competes with us for food or space, or interferes with the efficient running of our lives, is ruthlessly eliminatedLarge carnivores have been out different serious competitors and these withal have been eliminated wherever the population density of out species has risen above a certain level. Same as in the predator relationship, we humans are involved in it. Morris (1967) stated that wallopingr carnivores such as sharks which are the killers are accounted for more humans deaths than any other is one cannot devour the nutritious corpuses it produces.Moreover, Morris (1967) also pointed out that the inter-specific relationship appears to human and other animals not only in the food chain, but also in other ways. For example, human beings could not resist to say Hi or any other greetings to his/her own pet, such as his/her own dog. Even we all know the animals will not understand, we still could not resist the temptation. We could not explain that. The response was just triggered off inside us when we see the animal. Furthermore, Morris (1967) also pointed out that out love or hatred to the animals is also included in the hu man-animal relationship. Through this, we can see the inter-specific relationship between human beings and animals exist in the vast amount of cultures, or even, we carried further in these relationships than other animals. Therefore, to zoologists, humans are not unique in these respects.Biological differences between human and other animalsHowever, biologist anthropologists and other biologists may argue that at that place is something which is different in human than in other animals, which this will lead to human are not animals (which I assumed before). So what distinguishes us from other species on animals? Gorillas and chimpanzees are close primate relative to humans. Compare to chimpanzees, human has 98 pct of genes same as the chimps. The differences between human and chimpanzees were brought by the 2 percent difference in our genes. Biological anthropologists believe that human beings have got a familiar skeletal hallmark. The major difference is that humans are bipedalis m (standing on two legs) and the adaptation of the straight, upright gaits. pityings are having particular small teeth and large braincase as well. The 2 percent difference also brought the difference of using modern language to communicate idea. Human beings also use culture, which are complex ideas to survive. These are all the anatomical character of human beings.Human evolution in human brains What is in the Homo sapiens mind? tally to Jerome Kagan (2004), at the end of the first year, human and chimpanzee infants are similar to each other, Both of the species locomote, attend to unexpected or unfamiliar events, and remember where an attractive(a) object disappeared ten seconds earlier. However, 24 months later, maturational changes occur in human brain and it brought four unique quantities for humans (1) Children can infer varied thoughts and feelings in others (2) Children use a symbolic language with a grammar and semantic categories for events that share no physical feature (3) Understand for the concepts of good. Bad, right and wrong (4) Become consciously aware(predicate) of some of their intentions and feelings. Moreover, Kagan also stated that chimpanzees are incapable of appreciating the partner intends to engage in reciprocally cooperative act has no implication for the gaining of food or protectionEvery two-year-old child makes this simple assumption automatically. Therefore, it is believed that a pair of chimpanzees could not throw a ball back and forth between them, while a pair of humans will assume to throw the ball back.One of the unique characteristic in human brains is the feeling of guilty. Human is the only animal species which will feel guilty, it is not possible even in our close primate relatives such as the chimpanzees. Kagan explained that Guilt requires an agent to know that a voluntary act that could have been suppressed has hurt other. Guilt requires the ability to reflect on a past action that injured another in some way, to realize that the behaviour could have been inhibited, and to appreciate that the self was the cause of the ethical violation. During human evolution, human developed to be conscious and aware to others feeling, while other animals did not. Thus, the feeling of guilty is one feature which makes human unique.Kagan pointed out another unique quality of Homo sapiens is the ken of ones feelings, intentions and properties, which is called sensory awareness. According to Kagan, there is not just only one form to awareness. It is believed that all these awareness require the brain circuits. There is awareness in properties such as consciousness in ones physical features, beliefs, talents and social categories. The other form of awareness is the awareness that one is about implement or suppress an action. Neuroscientist Michael Gazzaniga believes that there is another form of consciousness which is the interpretation of ones feelings and perceptions. However, these four forms of conscious ness are not evolved in the same time, they evolve in different ages in the humans early childhood. In the first year, there will be the appearance of the awareness of sensory. In the second year, children will smile after completing a difficult task. It is not until the third year of life that children will be aware of their intentions and that they can describe what they are doing. Finally, in the fourth year, children can regularly integrate the present moment with their recollections of the past and begin to be able to interpret others feeling and perceptions. However, for apes, they do not possess any other forms of consciousness apart from the sensory consciousness. In terms of consciousness, human is unique.Another unique quality in the Homo sapiens is that they are the animal species which are uncoerced to limit their offspring from inclusive fitness (the ability of an organism to ensure the survival of their own offspring or to see how their genes pass on). The family siz e in human families is thus decreasing. Meanwhile, in other species, they will reproduce the offspring as much as they can, so that their species would not extinct due to any environmental factors, such as drought, lack of food, lack of shelter, disease and so on. For example, female fish will lay their eggs as much as possible so that there will be a greater chance for the eggs being fertilized. Moreover, this will increase the survival rate as most of the eggs will be eaten by other marine animals or bigger fishes. This will ensure their species would not be extinct. The same possibility to increase the chance of survival of offspring is also applied in all other animals, such as dogs, cats and turtles. Therefore, human is unique by change their offspring.Human cognitionMichael Tomasello brought up the idea of ratchet effect in human heathenish evolution . The most distinctive characteristic of human cultural evolution as a process is the way that modifications to an artefact or a social practice made by one individual or group of individuals often spread within the group, and then stay in place until some future individuals make further modifications and these then stay in place until still further modifications are made. The major part of the ratchet effect takes place in childhood.TaboosFor Vezo people, what makes human different from animals is taboos. They believe that it is taboos which make us humans. Human beings practice a whole range of taboos which animals dont. Lambek (1992) noted that taboos are distinctive at every level of social inclusion, from humanity viewed as a whole down to the individual. The Vezos have different taboos to show respect to animals. According to Astuti (2000), Vezos do not hunt or eat dolphins because they are generous towards human. Therefore, taboos on eating or hunting dolphins as dolphins saved peoples lives by gently keeping them afloat and pushing them back to the land after their canoes had capsized.However, chi ldren are too young to know about taboos and moral issues. They do not have taboos. If taboo is the unique quality of human beings, are children considered as animals? For me, children are considered as premature humans, which they do not have much experience on what is happening in the world. Even as I mentioned above, the brains undergoes human evolution and sound more consciousness and awareness in their first four years of life. They are unwise and do not understand anything. However, as they grew up, and their perspectives will be changing. For example, after they have faced the life and death of their animal pets or toys, they will understand more about human death. And as what Astuti mentioned, this will modify to transform their appreciation of the boundary between animals and people Until they understand and appreciate the boundary between animals, they will become a mature human. It takes 5-12 years for a child to become a mature human. Therefore, taboos may be a unique quality for Homo sapiens.

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid Synthesis

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid SynthesisAntimicrobic bodily function of Co (II) complex of 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid and sonochemical synthesis of nanoscale mixed ligand EDA coordination for preparation of CoCl2.6H2O anoparticleAbstract3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid abbreviated as EDA was synthesized and characterized. Co (II) metal complex of this ligand prepared by response of chloride salt with EDA in dry acetonitrile. Phenolic compounds (a group of secondary metabolites) are wide distributed in plants and break shown to possess antimicrobial properties. Anti bacteriuml activity was studied for ligand and its metal complex. This complex were foot raceed for their antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli relatively with that of free ligand. Differential response to phenolic compounds was observed among bacteria. Also this complex was synthesized in Nano-scale an d was characterized by SEM, XDR (X- Ray powder diffraction). Antibacterial activity of complex and nano- literal were studied and compared with each other.Keywords 3, 4-dihydroxy benzene acrylic acid, Cu (II) and Co (II) complexes, Antibacterial activity, nano- scaleIntroductionAcrylic acid or hydroxycinnamic acid compounds are widely distributed in the plants. They usually exist number of them exist as free acids in nature 4, 5, 6.Much work has been realized by bioin ingrained as well as medicinal chemists to launch the relationship between the metal ions and their complexes as antimicrobial agents 7-8. Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites and innate(p)ly present in almost all plant materials, including food products of plant origin. These compounds are thought to be an integral part of both human and animal diets 13. The chemical structure of phenolic acids shows that they are simple phenols. Hydroxycinnamic acid is the major subgroup of phenolic compounds 11,12. Hydroxycinnamates are phenylpropanoid metabolites and occur widely in plants4,and plant products2. Hydroxycinnamates and their derivatives are bioactive plant food ingredients. The other natural ligand from plants such as alkaloids compound also can be employ in synthesis of metal complex 1.Nanophasic and nanostructured materials are attracting a great piss it off of attention because of their potential for achieving specific processes and selectivity, especially in biological and pharmaceutical applications 3. Nanoparticles are made of natural or artificial polymers ranging 10.In particular, those conjugated with biological moieties have enormous potential in drug delivery and therapeutic applications. In fact, much progress has been achieved in the past ten years based on inorganic nanomaterials 9.In this context we have undertaken the antimicrobial evaluation of Co (II) complex of 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid. For this purpose the in vitro expertness of tow gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and tow gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) to the synthesized compounds was investigated.Materials and MethodsSynthesis of the metal complex General Method3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, cobalt chloride was Merck chemicals and was used without further purification. Organic solvents were reagent grade. electronic spectra were recorded by Camspec UVVisible spectrophotometer model Perkin Elmer Lambda 25. The IR spectra were recorded using FT-IR Bruker Tensor 27 spectrometer. 1H- NMR was recorded on a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer at 500 and 125MHz respectively. All the chemical shifts are quoted in ppm using the high-frequency positive convention 1H -NMR spectra were referenced to external SiMe4. The percent composition of elements was obtained from the Microanalytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of tarbiyatmoallem, Tehran.A solution of metal salt dissol ved in acetonitrile added a dually to a stirred acetonitrile solution of the ligand (EDA), in the molar ratio 11 (metal ligand). The reaction mixture was further stirred for 4-5h to ensure of the completing and precipitation of the formed complexes. Finally, the complexes dried in vacuum desiccators over anhydrous CaCl2.Microorganisms and culture mediaThe following microorganisms were used in this study to test antimicrobial activity of complex. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus were kindly provided by (anistitue pastor ). The strains were maintained on PD3 agar at 26oC. For long- term storage, glycerol stocks of microorganisms were prepared in the corresponding growth media with a final glycerol concentration of 12%. The bacterial glycerol stocks were quickly frozen in lucid nitrogen and stored at -80oC.In-vitro anti-bacterial activityAll methodology and steps were followed according to diffusion criminal record method. An inoculum of 0.5 McFarland standard (1.5*108 cfu/ml ) was applied on Mueller Hintonagar (a depth of 4 mm in a petridish of 100 mm diameter) 14. Maximum 6 discs were applied on each plate and they were incubated at 37 C for 24 hours. Zone of inhibition was measured including the disc diameter (6mm).Preparation of nanoparticlesCo nanocrystallites were prepared by the reaction of C9H8O4 with Co (C9H7O4) Cl2 in THF as solvent under echography power. Then the suspension was irradiated for 1h with a high- density ultrasonic probe immersed directly into the solution under various conditions. A maltiwave ultrasonic generator ( sonicator 3000 Italstructure MPD 3000). The samples were characterized with a scan electron microscope (SEM) with gold coating.Results and DiscussionsStructural description of the complexThe reaction of Co(II) salt with the ligand, EDA, results in the formation of ML for M=Co (II). complex is quite s add-in and could be stored without any appreciable change. The EDA ligand and the Co(C9H6O4)Cl2.2H2O complex have 223-2 25C and 195-198C melting point respectively also complex is insoluble in common organic solvents, such as n-hexane and dichloromethane. However, that is soluble in DMSO, ethanol and DMF. its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR and IR. Their elemental analyses are in accord with their proposed formula. The spectral data of the complexes have good relationship with the literature data.Fig.1. Structure of the ligand, EDA.Analysis of Co ( C9H6O4 ) Cl2.2H2O (EDACC) Dark Blue crystals yield 86% .elemental analyses, 11 metal to ligand stoicheiometry is designate to all the chelates ( table 1).Table1 Elemental analyses data on the caffeic acid and its Co (II) complex. (31.40) (1.74) (17.15)1H-NMR ( ppm DMSO, 500MHz) 5, 97-7.21 5H, 2q, aroma 11.91 1H, s, acid) 8.98-9,362H, s, alkene. IR absorptions(cm-1 KBr) 1620 (C=C), 972 (=C-H), 1352 (C-O), 574 (Co-O) and 456 (Co-Cl).The electronic spectral data of the complex in acetonitrile are presented in table 2. there are one peak in spectrum of ligand which can be assigned to * transition. The electronic complex shows a broad band at 680 nm attributable to the 4T1g ( F ) 4 A2g ( F) and the other one at 640- 550 nm attributable to the 4T1g ( F ) 4T1g ( P ) transition for Co( II ) ion .table 2 Electronic spectra of caffeic acid and its Co(II) complex in nmRaman shift (cm1) 500 Co-O), 325 (Co-Cl), 975(C-H), 1618C=C), 1189C-O) (Fig.2.Left).Fig.2. Structure of Co (II) complex with ligand, EDA.In-vitro anti-bacterial activityThe mean diameters of microbial growth inhibited by different complexes are shown in Table 4. All complexes had antimicrobial activity. Inhibition zones larger than 5mm indicated that antimicrobial activity. The data obtained by the disk diffusion method showed that all complexes have antibacterial activity. Among the bacteria, Escherichia coli was the most sensitive bacteria both ligand and complex Co(C9H7O4)Cl2 Normal- scale had antibacterial effect on this bacteria , whereas only lig and C9H8O4 had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Ligand C9H8O4 and complex Co (C9H7O4) Cl2( Normal- scale) had non any effect against Staphylococcus aureus.Table 4. Zone of growth inhibition of the test compounds against the bacteriaComplex Co (C9H7O4)Cl2 ( Normal scale), had more antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (14mm) . Complex Co(C9H7O4)Cl2 (Nano scale), had less activity against Staphylococcus aureus (5mm). From these results it may be concluded that there is not any accordance between normal scale and nano- scale from the antibacterial activity aspect. The antimicrobial activity of complexes demonstrated in this study can be added to the already known beneficial biological properties of these compounds to the human health.Nanoparticle studyXRD pattern of mixture of caffeic acid andCoCl2 .6H2O prepared by the ultrasonic process is given in Fig. 4. The diffraction peaks accord with the amorphous crystal system.Fig .4. The XRD pattern of the mixture of caffeic acid and 6H2O .CoCl2The SEM micrographs of nanostructure are shown in Fig. 5. The nanoparticles show a low degree of crystalline with no be peaks in the XRD pattern.Fig. 5. SEM images of complex Co (C9H7O4)Cl2The IR spectrum of Co (II) nanostructure (Fig.5) shows the absorption pesk at 574 648 are assigned to the (Co-O) modes, which confirms the formation of Co (II) nanostructure.It has been reported that the negative charge on the cadre surface of Gram-negative bacteria was higher than on Gram-positive bacteria (Chunget al., 2004). Due to a higher negative charge on cell surface, thefundamental interaction between Gram-negative bacteria and nanoparticles was definitely stronger than that of Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, results showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to Co (II) nanoparticles.Fig.6. IR Spectrum of complex Co (C9H7O4) Cl2AcknowledgmentsWe gratefully acknowledge the pecuniary support from the Researc h Council of Ardabil Islamic Azad University and many technical supports that provided by Ardabil University of. edical SciencesReferences1 A.H. Osman, (Synthesis and characterization of cobalt (II) and nickel (II) complexes of someSchiff bases derived from 3-hydrazino-6-methyl 1, 2, 4 triazin-5(4H) one) Transition Met. Chem, 2006, 31, 35.2 Clifford, 1999 M.N. Clifford, Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates nature, occurrence and dietary burden, J. Sci. nutrient Agric. 79 (1999), pp. 362372.3 Brigger, I., C. Dubernet, and P. Couvreur. 2002. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 546316514 Herrmann, K. Occurrence and content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid compounds in foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci.Nutr. 1989, 28, 315-3475 Herrmann, K. Contents of principle plant phenols in fruits. Fluess. Obst 1992, 59, 66-70.6 Herrmann, K. Phenolcarboxylic acids in plant foods and their antioxidative activity. Gordian 1993, 93, 92-96.7 M.J. Seven and L. A. Johnson, Metal Binding in Medicine, Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA, 4ta Ed (1960).8 A. J. Crowe, Metal-Based Antitumor Drugs, Vol. 1, Freund, London, 1989, p. 1039 Gong, J., Hu, X., Wong, K., Zheng, Z., Yang, L., Lau,W., Du,R. Chitosan Nanostructures with Controllable Morphology Produced by a Nonaqueous Electrochemical Approach. good materials. 2008, 20, 21112115.10 Kreuter, J. (2001). Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47, 6581.11 C. Sanchez-Moreno, J.A. Larrauri and F. Saura-Calixto, A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols, J. Sci. Food Agric. 76 (1998), pp. 270276.12 Z. Sroka and W. Cisowski, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids, Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 (2003), pp. 753758.13 E. Psomiadou and M. Tsimidou, Stability of virgin olive oil. 1. Autoxidation studies, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002), pp. 716721.14WHO, Geneva (Sept. 1997). Manual on antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility testing. Diversion of emerging and other communicable diseases surveillance and control. WHO antimicrobial resistance monitoringprogramme.

Rosa Lee Cunningham Case Study

genus genus genus genus Rosa leeward Cunningham Case StudyRosa lee side Cunningham is a Black Ameri mass woman who has lived a pathetic life being a victim of extreme poverty, child ab function and wish of chicane and nurturance from her produce. The psychic traumatic experiences in her life has led to her addiction to a life zeal that further degrades her as a person instead of rising from her unfortunate situation.From childhood, she has acquire the harsh veracity that black girls needed to be trained to care for the family and househ obsolete while black boys are pampered. Rosa Lee underwent hard tire prohibited for the family under the watchful eye of her severely harsh mother, Rosetta.Education was non given a priority in Rosa Lees growing years. Her mother would select that work and chores were done well and schooling was not as important, as she inculcated to Rosa Lee that she would never amount to something more than engaging in domestic serve up work. Rosa Lee f elt deprived of play in her childhood, as she needed to chop wood, carry heavy things, scrub a room harmless and cater to her familys every need. As an adult, being overly clean with the house became her mien of coping with stress.Rosa Lee craved for her mothers approval. Her attempts to be close to her mother were often met with hostility. When she learned to shoplift nice things to offer her mother, she would be reprimanded, but later, as her mother would inspect the merchandize, would throw her arms around her with appreciation. Such acts of engagement were short-lived, as Rosetta did not hesitate to inflict physical harm at Rosa Lee whenever she displeased her. On the other hand, her father, Earl Wright, an alcoholic had better reckon for her and indulged her with whatever coins he can spare for her whenever he was drunk.In school, Rosa Lee felt that her poverty was holding her back from becoming what she was destined to be. In her puberty, she noticed that other children ha d nice clothes while she wore rags. At this age, the need to belong and be noticed by other children becomes very strong. Her first shrinking episode was borne out of this desire to be upgraded in terms of fashion. From then on, stealing became a way of life, and she became better and better at it until such era when she managed to subtly slip merchandize in her waiting bag or under her skirt.Rosa Lee fared poorly in school, not realizing that she was a slow assimilator until she had the unfortunate episode of being thr induce out of a physical body with a teacher she admired. With Mrs. Whitehead, she felt that she was learning, and enjoyed her teaching strategies. However, when she was caught in her class, she was instructed to join another class which Rosa Lee wanted to escape from in the first place. This prompted her to become truant in school. Since she never took school seriously after Mrs. Whitehead, she did not grow her literacy skills to the fullest. This lack of read ing skills proved to be disadvantageous to her.Her misdemeanors hire brought her to troublesome situations, leading to an early pregnancy at age thirteen. She had to stop schooling to have her first born which her mother cared for. Soon after, she found herself pregnant again, and again and again, making her a mother of triplex children before she reached her twentieth birthday. Her promiscuous port is a desperate call for help to be released from her mothers clutches. Once, she succeeded in having a man marry her exclusively because he was threatened by Rosetta, but a few months later, Rosa Lee found herself back in her mothers house as she had no other way to go because her husband beat her.To affix her children, she had to resort to prostitution and selling illegal do drugss. She always justified such ways of generating income as means of survival for her eight children. Her steady income came in the way of welfare checks which her mother had full control of.Rosettas idea o f child-rearing was to Rosa Lee, inappropriate. The noble cause of setting the children on the straight path (ex. that stealing is bad) is often enforced by violent acts. Such beatings or harsh cursing became a staple situation in Rosa Lees household. The traumatic level(p)ts and flagitious feelings that come of it make Rosa Lee vow that she would never do harm to her own children.Because Rosa Lee had no credible role model for morality, she set her own standards, which unfortunately were easily bent. She herself taught her children to steal clothes so they had something nice to wear or other things so they had something to sell to buy food. Later on, she would involve her children and grandchildren in the drug trade because policemen dont usually go after young children. She never expected that they would get hurt in the process, but failed to consider that she was putting them at elevated risk.When Rosa Lee plaintually became a drug addict herself, it became so natural to her and her children to share the illegal drug use. Their joint drug sessions move upon the children her tolerance of such a habit, making it convenient for them to justify it and even depend on their mother to supply it or money to get it from their drug dealers. This series of substance abuse shared by Rosa Lee and her six children merited them jail sentences and even acquiring the HIV virus for Rosa Lee and her two children she shared needles with.It is pathetic that Rosa Lee and her children do not learn from the consequences of engaging in their drug habit, since upon release from jail, they are before long at it again. Even the threat of the abet disease did not deter them from continued pursuit of the next high.Waking up to a painful reality of poverty and hopelessness after the high has worn off, her children merely exist. They do not have the drive to go out and make something of themselves to live linguistic rule lives. Instead of being employed in a decent job, they wou ld rather depend on Rosa Lee who pushes herself to do what she does best selling drugs and shrinking just so her children are fed, housed and even given money to get their drugs. For Rosa Lee, this is her way of showing love for them.Prolonged use of dangerous drugs, and her high level of stress have resulted in some physical illnesses in Rosa Lee as manifested by seizures, memory lapses and stomach pain. To manage it, she has been receiving her cursory dose of Methadone at the community clinic. However, at times, such symptoms become too much to bear and she ends up confined in the hospital.This paper attempts to learn Rosa Lees psychological profile and diagnose her psychological situation employ a multiaxial evaluation from the data gathered from her life story by Leon show off and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).Axis I Substance ill-usage/ DependenceRosa Lees manifested symptoms whitethorn be diagnosed as Substance Abuse/Dependence. Unde r DSM-IV-TR (text revision of 2002). Following are the usual behaviors exhibited by substance abusers/ dependentsSUBSTANCE ABUSEManifests one or more of the following behavior calamity to fulfill major obligations Rosa Lee has been habitually tardy in settling her bills, resulting in cut-off of services. She is inefficient to manage her finances, as she misappropriates her budget to her and her childrens drug supply instead of food for everybody or payment of utilities.Use when physically hazardous In spite of the threat of her HIV virus turning into a full-blast AIDS disease, or simply when she knows that her physical condition makes drug use lethal for her, Rosa Lee continues to indulge in drugs.Recurrent legal problems Rosa Lee has been arrested several times for shoplifting or busted for selling or using drugs.Recurrent social or interpersonal problems Rosa Lee is unable to control her childrens addictive behavior. She continually supports their drug habit by handing them the m oney to buy drugs and then tries to save them whenever they get in trouble associated with their drug use. Personally, she is discomfited with how they treat her but she seems helpless as she keeps her feelings usually bottled up inside and occasionally pushed to the limit. Since she has vowed never to be like her abusive mother to her children, she instead indulges their whims even if it brings disastrous results for them.With SUBSTANCE ABUSE the user has a choice he/she uses in spite of illegal, unsafe consequences, or inappropriateness of the drinking/drugging experience. (DSM-IV-TR, 2002). With Rosa Lees history of drug use, she continues to use drugs despite her awareness of its consequences to herself or her family.SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE (ADDICTION/ALCOHOLISM)Manifests three or more of the following behaviorTolerance Rosa Lee tolerates the consequences that follow her drug use pain, inability to function normally, even her childrens seemingly abusive behavior towards her.Withd rawal Rosa Lees body responses to drug use withdrawal are usually associated to how she takes medication to control the accumulated and related symptoms that the use of dangerous drugs have caused. Since her reading skills are inadequate, she is not accurate in following the dosage of the ordained medication, causing her body to react with seizures, memory lapses, etc.Large amounts over a long period Rosa Lees ingestion of drugs/ illegal substances depends on its availability. The more drugs available for the fetching, the more she can consume. This has gone on for most of her adult life.Unsuccessful efforts to cut down Despite her numerous attempts/ announcements to stop and reform her life by avoiding drugs, she would usually fall back into the drug habit.Time spent in obtaining the substance replaces social, occupational or volunteer(a) activities Rosa Lees numerous commitments have usually been missed due to her drug problem.Continued use despite adverse consequences Rosa Le e has gotten herself in frightful circumstances because of her substance abuse/ dependency. Her repetitive confinements in the hospital, the threat of AIDS, the risk of being hurt by drug dealers whitethorn force her to stop using drugs, but when a stressful event comes to her life, or when her defenses are down, she would weakly give in to the temptation of taking drugs when it presents itself.Axis II Developmental Disorders/ record DisordersFrom the data gathered, Rosa Lee seems to present a number of developmental disorders. From childhood, it was shown that she was a slow learner and her inadequate literacy skills has led her to troublesome consequences (e.g. misreading prescribed dosages of medication has caused her aggravated physical illnesses her lack of understanding of simple systems such as billing or legal consequences has pushed her further in deeper problems).Her poverty and feelings of deprivation has pushed Rosa Lee to impulsively steal from stores. Gaining approv al from her family members due to the merchandise she has stolen has become the reward for this inappropriate behavior. Her usual excuse for it is just trying to survive, a rationalization she has passed on to her children and grandchildren.Rosa Lee shows some obsessive-compulsive behaviors when she is stressed. She cleans her house in earnest to the point that it is spotless.Axis III Physical ConditionsRosa Lees drawn-out substance abuse/ dependency has caused her a lot of physical illnesses such as memory loss, body pains, seizures, general malaise and most of all, HIV from sacramental manduction needles when injecting dangerous substances to the body. Such illnesses has made Rosa Lee progressively weaker physically confining her to her bed whenever these attack.Axis IV Severity of Psychosocial StressorsThe prominence of her mothers role in her life has greatly affected the formation of her character and personality. Rosa Lee was terribly afraid of her exploitative and cruel mot her who forced her to do things against her will. She was physically and ver twiney abused. In spite of this, Rosa craved for her love and affection. When she already felt suffocated of her mothers hold on her and her life, she found ways to get away from her such as getting pregnant and marrying early, which backfired and led her back to her mother.Being a breadwinner of the family (both her own children and her mother and siblings) pushed Rosa Lee to work harder at acquiring income to support them all. In spite of this, she felt unappreciated and taken advantage of, but she passively accepted her fate.Continuously supporting her children even in their adulthood was too a strong psychosocial stressor for Rosa Lee, as they were very much dependent on her that they even expect her to save them from the detrimental consequences such as bailing them out of jail, covering for their transgressions and taking their place to suffer the consequences of their own misdemeanors. Rosa Lees ide a of maternal love is just to give and to give, as her selfish and inconsiderate children continually take and take, giving their mother nothing in return.The environment where she lives in is another source of stress for Rosa Lee, as it eggs on her day-and-night engagement in the drug trade. If she or any of her children is guilty of crossing anyone, the threat of harm becomes prevalent.Axis V Highest Level of FunctioningUpon the thorough and sharp-worded reporting of Leon Dash, Rosa Lee has been portrayed as a street-smart woman who is truly a survivor in the context of her personal situation. She knows how to manipulate the sentiments of settle or other people who easily fall for her deceptive demeanor. She manages to acquire the necessary income for her family to survive in dire circumstances. When things are carefully explained to her and made for certain that she understood the consequences of her behavior, Rosa Lee does the necessary action to normalize her life and becom e drug- innocent(p) for a certain period of time. Her weak will may be made stronger with careful scaffolding of reminders and even threats to her safety. She also needs to be prodded to assert herself when it comes to her children who control her emotionally by pushing the right buttons.Proposed word PlanIn coming up with an appropriate preaching plan for Rosa Lee, many factors are to be considered. Like in most cases, intervention needs to combine psychological therapy with the treatment of the physical addiction.Before any treatment plan is attempted, Rosa Lees intrinsic desire to be reformed mustiness be expressed. The decision to be healed of her addiction should help her commit to being cooperative with the concrete vision that she will indeed be free from the bondage of the addiction.To cleanse her body of the chemicals she has ingested, Rosa Lee needs to go through medical detoxification. While detoxification alone is rarely sufficient to help addicts win long-term abst inence, for some singles it is a strongly indicated precursor to effective drug addiction treatment. (National Institute on Drug Abuse, n.d.). As it is, Rosa Lee has been taking her doses of Methadone, a drug that helps her in stabilizing her life and reducing her illicit drug use. Her treatment plan must likewise include treatment and solicitude of her HIV positive state to prevent it from becoming a full-blast AIDS disease. Priority should be helping Rosa Lee regain her physical zilch and feisty spirit.Since her immediate environment is one factor that encourages her addiction, she must be moved to a less threatening environment that promotes well-being. Being in a stress-free environment greatly helps in achieving peace. A conducive environment also facilitates deep introspection and coming up with an action plan to pursue a drug-free and positive lifestyle after the treatment process.The most important element in the treatment plan is Rosa Lees psychological therapy. Managing the effects of her trauma from childhood entails getting to the root of it. Therapy must include her revisiting of the past and steps to achieve closure from the psychological pain inflicted by her overpowering mother and the negative socio-cultural environment that exploited her dignity as a person.Family therapy is essential in the healing of Rosa Lees affliction. Since the dysfunctional members are likewise culprits in encouraging Rosa Lees addiction, they themselves must undergo psychological therapy not only for her but also for their own good. In doing so, an empowered sense of self and responsibility is hoped to be developed. mental hygiene will help in treating Rosa Lees emotional wounds. The need to understand why things turned out the way they are should be met so the individual is equipped to resolve the situation and move on. One example is for Rosa Lee to understand the dynamics she shared with her mother and how she should manage the strong feelings her painful relati onship quench brings about. Being able to manage it will help her in dealing with stressful situations associated with her mother.Rosa Lees strengths should be used in the treatment plan. Among these are her deep love for her family and her creative and critical idea abilities. In helping her understand how her dysfunctional behavior puts her children and grandchildren at risk may help her shift her paradigm on love. Encouraging her to be strong in denying her children the whims which may bring them harm by using tough love may be effective in likewise strengthening her character. She may find it very difficult at first considering giving in to all her childrens whims has been her parenting style for a long time and her way of showing love for them, but eventually, as she reaps the fruits of her sacrifice, she will eventually be accustomed to it.Her creative and critical thinking skills may be called upon whenever she feels tempted to relapse into her addiction after treatment. Sh e may find ways and means to avoid anything that would trigger her urges to take illicit drugs like old co-drug dependent friends, drug dealers, or even places she associates with her former life in the drug trade.In the book, there were frequent references to the power of religion over her. This may mean that Rosa Lee finds it important. Being exposed to the teachings of her chosen religion may help her acquire proper understanding of moral values. It would be holy person if religion and spirituality would be her substitute for the ultimate high she is perennially in search of.Even at a late age, she may still be given tutorial sessions on developing literacy skills. Not only will she learn to read and write, but her confidence and self-esteem will be improved, giving her hope for a better future. Vocational rehabilitation such as engaging in arts and crafts, gardening, cooking, etc. will not only keep her mind off her addiction but also equip her with more skills. Such skills wil l help her find appropriate, decent and gainful use of goods and services to start her off in her reformed life.Rosa Lee is also recommended to get into assertiveness training to enable her to non-defensively express her emotions. This will help her not to be easily taken advantage of people, especially her family members who are always out to get a cut of her welfare checks. She will likewise be empowered to think of herself positively, and even contest the societal norms and beliefs she grew up on, which were partly amenable in lowering her self-esteem.An effective treatment plan attempts to administer to her medical, psychological, vocational, social, and even legal needs. Rosa Lee had left a lot of pending legal cases, and these need to be resolved or if need be, she should be obedient to face the verdict responsibly.As Rosa Lee gets better in her treatment plan, consistent monitoring of her progress must be assessed continually and limited as necessary to ensure that the pla n meets her changing needs.Recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment. As with other chronic illnesses, relapses to drug use can occur during or after successful treatment episodes. Addicted individuals may require elongate treatment and multiple episodes of treatment to achieve long-term abstinence and fully restored functioning. Participation in self-help support programs during and following treatment often is helpful in maintaining abstinence. (National Institute on Drug Abuse).The complications in Rosa Lees life have contributed to the state she is currently in. Like a pack of a wrongly- knitted ball of yarn, her treatment plan should carefully release the knots to unravel the strands so a more accurate weave may be started and completed before she in the end expires.No matter how unfortunate one lives his life, there is always hope for change. In Rosa Lees case, if she is determined to turn her life around, no one can stop her from achieving the happiness and fulfillment a clean life and amend her ways and teachings she has previously imparted to her children and grandchildren. She will continue to carry the burden of being responsible for her family being the matriarch, but change needs to begin with her. Hopefully, positive change will rub off on her children and grandchildren. Only then could a trans-generational woundedness begin to heal, as she may be the first real credible role-model they can ever have.

Kosovo Crisis :: essays research papers

There has been a conflict for quite some sentence now between the people of once Serbia now Yugoslavia and the Islamic countries leewaying them. The grudge can be traced back over 600 years to the first battle. The hatred between the two sides is still endures.No one knows exactly when the repugnance started, but the situation was understood. During the time of the Ottoman Empire the Turks were terrorizing most of Europe, ferociously converting people into Islam. The opposite option was death. The Serbs at that tie were always known for their strong faith in Christianity. So backing down was not an option. The Serbs, until this day have not invaded other countries, only defend what is right all-inclusivey theirs. There were other countries that agreed with the Serbs standpoint so they had forces that joined too. The Serbs allies include Hungarians, Croats, Bulgarians, Czechs, and Franks. The authentic battle of Kosovo took place on June 28 1389. The Serbians of who were mostly c omprised of peasants armed with whatever they had, and outnumbered, were led by Prince leper. Their manpower was about ?. They went into a full on brawl with the Ottoman Turks who were led by Sultan Murad I. their troops reached to above 30,000. Because the Serbs were defending they had the upper hand. Yet, by one strategic flaw the Serbs disjointed the battle. An unanticipated flank divided the mass of the Serb army and the Turks rolled over them. A very significant part of the outcome was that both Sultan Murad and Prince Lazar perished in battle. The Sultans killer became a hero in Serbian folklore his name was Milos Obilivic. The battle itself took such a toll on the Turks forces, that it stopped in that respect quest for conquering all of Europe. As an intimidation, a man known as Vlad the Impaler would put the heads of Turkish soldeirs on pikes along the border of Kosovo. The story says that Vlad was bloodthirsty because of such acts, thereby starting the whole legend of vam pires. Vlad the Impaler is also more commonly known as, Count Dracula.In truthfulness by numbers the battle was definitely a Turkish victory. But the Serbs point of view was that even though they lost the battle, they had perpetrated their cause. Because of this one fact, there has always been a dispute, and things never get a chance to resolve.

Why I Love Cats Essay -- essays research papers

Reason I love Cats .The first day I brought Mimi home , I regretted it immediately. She was a kitten then and was crying all the time . It was my first cat and I did not know what to do . I kept view that there must be something wrong with her . I wanted to bring her back to the pet shop barely I decided to fair front and see what happen . Finally Mimi got used to her surroundings and she became my best friend .Caring for a cat means much more than simply devising sure they have plenty of food and water , it requires a lot of patience and love . The reason I chose a cat instead of a dog in the first place is because my apartment did not allow dogs . Most apartment dont . Also because cat require little attention which I would be able to give . They atomic number 18 independent animals who are usually litter trained and does not need to be walked . Cats are quiet animals and not as aggressive in comparison to dogs . They can also live insmall places as they are happy just being indoor . They need less grooming and they clean themselves a lot . People who want to get a cat should be cognisant of what to expect and the responsibility of having a cat . Cats are very different from dogs and most of the time ,they cannot be led with a leash . They hate change of location on cars and have difficulty adjusting to changes . Moving can be very painful and traumatic experience for a cat . They like tocuddle but sometimes , they totally ignore you . They are temperamental animals ...

Free College Admissions Essays: Slacking :: College Admissions Essays

College Admissions Slacking Its unbelievable how each year, since the beginning of gritty school, my perfectly laid plans for myself pack unavoidably deteriorated. When I entered my freshman year, I had aspirations of creation a doctor (something I had wanted to be since I was a child). Now, here I am entering my senior year in high school without any idea of what I want to do. Now seems to be the time to start taking life seriously and making responsible, educated choices. looking back on it now, I realize that I cannot become the doctor I wanted to be. I have come to realize that, that dream was not only my own, but a dream of my family. My p bents often talked of me becoming a doctor and although their enthusiasm continued throughout my childhood and early adolescence, mine tardily diminished until finally I realized I did not want to become a doctor. I remember how hard it seemed to tell my parents of my decision, I felt up up as if I was letting them down, but I eventua lly came to realize that they wanted me to do what made me happy. I am not definite wherefore I changed my mind in regard to being a doctor, I had the grades, the drive, and the willingness to make certain sacrifices, but somewhere I was missing something and I felt that I would not be satisfied in a medical career. So I started thinking about what I wanted to do I went from teaching to law enforcement, computer programming to astronautics and numerous other professions. Now I come to a crossroad in my life where I must choose what to do with my future, choose what will make me happy. I have always wanted the typical American Dream to have a husband I am in love with, a stable job, loving children, and a house in the suburbs. But now I realize that there are so many other steps I need to take in order to achieve these so-called goals. This includes graduating from high school and college, finding that peculiar(a) someone, and finding that perfect job. I have begun to realize th at I have yet to begin my life everything up until now has been practice, as if I have been in a cage and it is only now that I am beginning to break free and do things for myself.

Contrasting Theories on the Extinction of Dinosaurs Essay -- Compare C

So what killed the dinosaurs? Without having any background education in recognition it is hard for the general public to comprehend such matters and they rely on the knowledge of the scientists in this field. Although there has been much research on the subject aught has come up with a conclusive answer. And we are left to read the countless articles, all having their own opinions as to the mass extinction. One such guess is that a shift in the solar system could have caused the mass destruction. According to an article published in personality magazine, A bizarre reel 65 million years ago, perturbing the orbits of Mars, Earth and Mercury, may have caused the demise of the dinosaurs, new models of the Solar System suggest.The article suggests that an upset could have cut off the trajectories of asteroids-normally safely confined to asteroid belts-sending one or more into the Earth. This is an easy enough idea for the general public to understand yet it is not verbalise if the y know what caused the upset in the first place. And this is where we depend on the researchers to come up with a way of finding this out. They designed a model that would imitate the Solar System 100 million years ago, based on natural variations in planetary orbits, their proximity to the Sun and their gravitational effects on one another.What they did find was fluctuations in the model dating back 65 million years ago right when the asteroid supposedly hit. Even though it sounds like good solid evidence a lot of scientists are still not sold on the idea and need more convincing.In another article it is suggested that had a meteorite, large enough to cause mass extinction, hit the earth there would have been widespread wildfires wiping out eve... ... lack of selective information spreading to the general public. In the end we are left with countless more articles to read and decipher. Works Citied1. Ball, Philip. Roast dinosaur off the menu? Nature 03 Dec. 2013 Nature News Service/ Macmillan Magazines Ltd 2015http//www.nature.com/nsu/031201/031201-3.html2. Clarke, Tom. Chaos killed the dinosaurs. Nature 28 June 2011 Nature News Service/ Macmillan Ltd 2015http//www.nature.com/nsu/010628/010628-15.html3. Dalton, Rex. Hot tempers, hard core. Nature 04 Sept. 2013 Nature publish Group 2015http//www.nature.com/cgi-taf?file=/nature/journal/v425/n6953/full/425013a_r.html&filetype=&dynoptions4. Pearson, Helen. Asteroid let dinosaurs rule. Nature 17 May 2012 Nature News Service/ Macmillan Magazines Ltd 2015http//www.nature.com/nsu/020513/020513-11.html